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PARTS OF A WHOLE. "In current biology, a network (eg, the nodes in the net) is not evaluated from the perspective of agents. Individual participants are simply “inert” nodes in an interacting net. Proteomes, transcriptomes, and interactomes are all more or less presented as such simple collections in a systems biology view of such ensembles." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

"ALU ELEMENTS alone are estimated to have inserted into 75% of all human genes." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

PARASITE COMPETITION FOR HOSTS. "The presence of one parasite might prevent infection or manipulation by another parasite. Wolbachia, for example, has been reported to reduce or increase the susceptibility of its host to virus infections." https://lnkd.in/e2g9KSe View in LinkedIn

PRE-COORDINATED NETWORKS. "Viral quasispecies as precoordinated networks of integrating agents brought Alu. The integration of infecting agents into host genomes is not a randomly occurring process but needs the features and competences of consortia of RNA stem loops, that is, what Eigen termed quasispecies populations." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

COERCED INTO HOME BUILDING. "Parasitic wasps can also make the host weave a special cocoon-like structure to protect the wasp pupae [offspring] against heavy rain." https://lnkd.in/ee8uBmA View in LinkedIn

REGIONAL MOLECULAR EVOLUTION. "Because organisms vary widely in genome GC content in a manner consistent with directional mutation pressure, we might expect the different parts of the RNA molecule to change in composition at different rates due to the different selective constraints in different regions, just as the three reading frames within mRNAs change in composition at different rates that reflect the average effect of mutations in each frame." https://lnkd.in/erj2nzZ View in LinkedIn

CONSCRIPTED BODYGUARDS. "Some parasites turn their host into a bodyguard to ensure the protection of the parasite from enemies ... Thyrinteina leucocerae caterpillars protect pupae of the braconid parasitoid Glyptapanteles ... Once the parasitoid larvae leave the host to pupate, the host defends the pupae by knocking off predators with violent head-swings, resulting in reduced mortality rates of the parasitoid pupae." https://lnkd.in/e2g9KSe View in LinkedIn

ALU DOMAIN. "All domains of life have their own peculiar and related 7S like RNAs, but only eukaryotes and some prokaryotes have the Alu domain (stem loops) at the 5′ end. This RNA appears to have been present in an RNA quasispecies-like world with conserved domains of dsRNA and bound proteins." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

SACRIFICIAL INTERMEDIATE HOST. "A type of parasitic flatworm targets cockles in New Zealand, driving the marine mollusks to the surfaces of muddy bottoms in shallow waters. There, oystercatcher birds snap the cockles up and eat them, flatworms and all. The shorebirds serve as the final hosts in the flatworms' complex life cycle." http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0901_050901_wormparasite.html View in LinkedIn

JUST A STOP ALONG THE WAY. Some parasites use an intermediate host during their life cycle, and in order to travel to the ultimate host, they induce the intermediate host to be eaten by the ultimate host. View in LinkedIn