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NON-CODING DNA, formerly "junk-DNA" continues to pose a remarkable challenge to geneticists and evolutionary scientists. On one hand, the Viral World camp with ever-expanding regulatory roles for these RNAs are eroding the old and outworn concept of functionless junk; but there are still apologists for junk DNA whose argument resides in the fact we cannot (yet) ascribe all the functions to that big non-coding chunk of genomes. A work in process. View in LinkedIn

Chan Zuckerberg Initiative will invest $3 billion to cure disease http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/21/technology/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-3-billion-health-disease/index.html View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANCE OF GUT MICROBES ON BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR. "We report that colonization by gut microbiota impacts mammalian brain development and subsequent adult behavior." https://lnkd.in/e7Pmtsp View in LinkedIn

China's giant space telescope starts search for alien life View in LinkedIn

"EARLY LIFE environmental influences have a profound impact on the organism's later development, structure, and function. This phenomenon is called “developmental programming"...exerts effects that impact on structure and function of organs that, in some cases, will persist throughout life. One such environmental factor is the gut microbiota that, because of an evolutionary process, has adapted to coexist in commensal or symbiotic relationship with mammals." https://lnkd.in/e7Pmtsp View in LinkedIn

CONUNDRUM. "For darwinism the CNGs are a conundrum — highly conserved sequences with no known function. Well, they must have a function, but what is it? And how could they have been gradually composed, and yet so tightly constrained?" (CNG = conserved nongenic (non-gene).sequences). https://lnkd.in/eFvUyrd View in LinkedIn

MICROBES DRIVE MANY HUMAN ORGANS. "Immediately after birth, the newborn organism is rapidly and densely populated with complex forms of indigenous microbes. This process has been shown to contribute to developmental programming of epithelial barrier function, gut homeostasis, and angiogenesis, as well as the innate and host adaptive immune function...gut microbiota have systemic effects on liver function." https://lnkd.in/e7Pmtsp View in LinkedIn

NUMEROUS. "Another surprise is the high number of the CNGs. Extrapolating from the human chromosome analyzed, the geneticists estimate that humans have over 65,000 of them, about twice the estimated number of human genes. Another multispecies comparison that employed different methods found a similar number." (CNG = conserved nongenic (non-gene).sequences). https://lnkd.in/eFvUyrd View in LinkedIn

ECOSYSTEM DYSBALANCE. "This promotes the increased translocation of pathogenic bacterial components from the intestinal mucosa to the systemic circulation, where they activate innate immunity, characterized by production of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in systemic inflammation and abnormal gut function. These mechanisms potentially lead to impaired CNS function such as altered neurochemistry, cognition, behavior, stress response, and visceral pain." https://lnkd.in/egTKHRg View in LinkedIn

ECOLOGICAL BALANCE. "A change in the balance of symbionts and pathobionts favoring pathobiont overgrowth results in dysbiosis, which can induce inflammation. During inflammatory responses, macrophages contribute to pathogenesis through inappropriate responses to enteric microbial stimuli, inefficient clearance of microbes from host tissues, and impaired proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and loss of barrier function." https://lnkd.in/egTKHRg View in LinkedIn