Category: Uncategorized

RANDOM VS NON-RANDOM. "The shape of the distribution of expression divergence for duplicated pairs suggests that nearly half of the whole genome duplicates have diverged in expression by a random degeneration process. The remaining pairs have more conserved gene expression than expected by chance, consistent with a role for selection under the constraints of gene balance." (In populus trees). https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

ADVANTAGE OF COMPLEX LIFE STYLE. "This increase in life cycle complexity is thought to be adaptive for two reasons: (i) it facilitates stage-specific resource utilisation and structural specialisation, such as adaptation of different sets of mouthparts for alternative food sources; and (ii) it encourages population growth by reducing intraspecific competition between stages." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/een.12313/full View in LinkedIn

GENE ENRICHMENT IN DUPLICATION. "Disease resistance genes and receptor-like kinases commonly occur in tandem but are significantly under-retained following whole genome duplication, while whole genome duplicate pairs are enriched for members of signal transduction cascades and transcription factors." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

SINGLE EVOLUTION EVENT. "Complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) in insects evolved once, some 344 million years ago...Today, more than 60% of all described animal species are holometabolous insects... holometaboly appears to have been a key innovation in the most successful radiation of animals during evolutionary history." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/een.12313/full View in LinkedIn

SELECTIVE DUPLICATION. "Certain functional categories are over-represented in each class of duplicates." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

TEMPORAL PARTITIONING. "Insects with complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) are extremely successful, constituting over 60% of all described animal species. Complete metamorphosis confers significant advantages because it enables organisms to optimise life-history components through temporal partitioning, and thereby to exploit multiple ecological niches." https://lnkd.in/e7E_keD View in LinkedIn

DEATH-GROWTH BALANCE. "Despite dramatic differences between hemimetaboly and holometaboly, both types of metamorphosis require a temporally regulated balance between cell death of nymphal/larval tissues and growth and morphogenesis of adult ones." http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/7024.full View in LinkedIn

TWO TYPES OF METAMORPHOSIS. "All immature animals undergo remarkable morphological and physiological changes to become mature adults. In winged insects, metamorphic changes either are limited to a few tissues (hemimetaboly) or involve a complete reorganization of most tissues and organs (holometaboly)." https://lnkd.in/eHvncf7 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first weekend on butterfly metamorphosis. What a complicated adaptation to put yourself through, where you basically liquefy your first body and completely reform it into a new one, all the while staying alive and not turning into a pot of cooling stew. Still to this day, despite all the scanning technology, the process is largely inscrutable. View in LinkedIn

MONARCH BUTTERFLY scanned during metamorphosis (page 30-39). https://lnkd.in/ev8dK-4 View in LinkedIn