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EMERGING MONARCH. "After 8 to 14 days, the caterpillar emerges from the chrysalis in as rapidly as from 15 to 30 seconds. It extends its wings by pumping fluid from its abdomen into the wing veins, and is ready to fly in about 15 minutes. Once the wings dry, which takes approximately 2 hours, the butterfly is full grown, having been transformed into an entirely different creature from the caterpillar." https://www.icr.org/article/366/208 View in LinkedIn

MONARCH HEART IN CHRYSALIS. "Here, the micromechanical heartbeat with the monarch chrysalis (Danaus plexippus) during metamorphosis is compared with the structural changes observed through in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)." https://lnkd.in/eVajU_8 View in LinkedIn

RANDOM VS SELECTIVE GENE PRESERVATION. "Our findings imply the patterns of retention and functional conservation observed following duplication events are contingent upon both random and selective forces, although one or the other tends to predominate depending upon the type of duplication and the biochemical function of the gene." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

MONARCH CHRYSALIS. "In the center portion of the gold crown area is a red heart, about 0.1 inches in diameter, surrounded by a yellowish substance. This heart pulsates at about 40 to 60 beats per minute. The thin outer chrysalis layer contains cells which later develop into the wings of the butterfly." https://www.icr.org/article/366/208 View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENCE. "We find the pattern of duplicate gene retention following the Salicoid WGD in Populus broadly consistent with the predictions of the gene balance hypothesis. Approximately half of the Salicoid duplicate gene pairs showed patterns of divergence that suggest many whole genome duplicates are not subject to constraints for maintenance of redundancy." (WGD = whole genome duplication). https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

METAMORPHOSIS of the Monarch butterfly described. "The caterpillar enters the chrysalis stage without vision, because the head capsule was discarded with its six simple eyes, so it can now only distinguish light from darkness. The inside portion of the chrysalis, below the gold crown, turns to a jade green liquid within the first 16 hours, as the caterpillar's stomach, intestines, and most all of the other internal parts disintegrate." https://lnkd.in/eXsDT2s View in LinkedIn

RETENTION OF CONNECTIONS. "More recent models of duplicate gene evolution suggest that rates of duplicate gene retention vary among protein functional groups. Observations of high retention rates among more connected proteins are consistent with the gene balance hypothesis, which predicts that the fate of duplicate genes largely depends on maintaining a stoichiometric balance among members of macromolecular complexes." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

BUTTERFLY PUPAE WING SCALES (1896), histological examination. "It appeared that during early pupal life the wings are as transparent as glass, but that from five to ten days before emergence, they become opaque, and pure white. After this, a dull ochre-yellow or drab color suffuses the wings, tinging all parts except those that are destined to become the white spots of the mature wing, these always remains pure white." Brilliant Victoriana! https://lnkd.in/eRTtjTc View in LinkedIn

UPREGULATED GENES. "We identified several hundred mouthparts-upregulated genes in each species, which were primarily involved in metabolism. Twenty-five of these genes were upregulated in all five species, and 11 displayed Heliconius-specific upregulation." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

HYPOTHESIS. "We hypothesized that due to morphological differences and because pollen has a much higher amino acid content compared with nectar, we might observe an upregulation of genes annotated with morphological and proteolysis functions in our Heliconius mouthparts transcriptomes compared with the nonpollen feeding Eueides." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn