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DUPLICATED HEMOGLOBIN GENES. "Gene Duplication and Evolutionary Innovations in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Transport. During vertebrate evolution, duplicated hemoglobin (Hb) genes diverged with respect to functional properties as well as the developmental timing of expression." https://lnkd.in/exfGXzx View in LinkedIn

STARCH DIET CHANGES. "Copy number variation has been observed in the amylase genes of humans, with increased expression and corresponding protein levels being associated with a high starch diet." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

HUMAN DIET ADAPTATIONS. "The continuous production of lactase into late human development allowed for adult digestion of lactose in milk, and is thought to be due to cis-regulatory changes in an enhancer region upstream of the lactase gene." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

GENE DUPLICATION. "We find evidence for both gene duplication and expression regulation changes during the evolution of mouthpart-specific gene expression, and these candidate genes provide a starting point from which to examine the genetic basis of pollen feeding." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

UPREGULATED GENES. "We identified several hundred mouthparts-upregulated genes in each species, which were primarily involved in metabolism. Twenty-five of these genes were upregulated in all five species, and 11 displayed Heliconius-specific upregulation." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

HYPOTHESIS. "We hypothesized that due to morphological differences and because pollen has a much higher amino acid content compared with nectar, we might observe an upregulation of genes annotated with morphological and proteolysis functions in our Heliconius mouthparts transcriptomes compared with the nonpollen feeding Eueides." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

ADAPTATION. "Pollen feeding in Heliconius involves a suite of adaptive phenotypes that differentiate them from nonpollen feeding species, including morphological, behavioral and metabolic differences." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

POLLEN BOOST. "Heliconius females do not require pollen for reproduction but, when ingested by females, pollen provides essential amino acids that are directly provisioned into the eggs. Additionally, adult pollen feeding for both Heliconius sexes allows for the extension of lifespan from around 3–5 weeks to 6 months, and increased reproductive output." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

"TRANS-SPLICING is a special form of RNA processing in eukaryotes where exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are joined end to end and ligated. Whereas "normal" (cis-)splicing processes a single molecule, trans-splicing generates a single RNA transcript from multiple separate pre-mRNAs." https://lnkd.in/ewCxG2B View in LinkedIn

OVERSHADOWED. "We established knockouts of the silkworm, a classic model insect, and show that embryogenesis and maintenance of juvenile status during the early larval stages are largely independent of JHs or the JH-signaling pathway. Our results also suggest that an unidentified factor or signal is required to acquire the competence for metamorphosis. The presence of this factor has long been overlooked because JHs may conceal its action." (JH = juvenile hormones). https://lnkd.in/eQ2nAQi View in LinkedIn