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GRAFTED ON. "The chimpanzee shows certain derived features which are with little doubt grafted onto the morphology typical of the higher primates." https://lnkd.in/eSbfe-f View in LinkedIn

INTRAGENOMIC CONFLICT. "The problem is not an imaginary one: there is a real danger that selection at the lower level will disrupt integration at the higher." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

STRATA DISRUPTION. "Why did not natural selection, acting on entities at the lower level (replicating molecules, free-living prokaryotes, asexual protists, single cells, individual organisms) not disrupt integration at the higher level (chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, sexual species, multicellular organisms, societies)?" https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

INCREASED INFORMATION. "Mechanisms by which the quantity of genetic information can increase. The three main possibilities -- duplication and divergence, symbiosis, and epigenesis." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

GENOMES ACROSS TAXA. "The trend is fairly robust: eukaryotes have a larger coding genome than prokaryotes, higher plants and invertebrates have a larger genome than protists, and vertebrates a larger genome than invertebrates." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY CANDIDATES. "There are no generally accepted measures of biological complexity. Two possible candidates are the number of protein-coding genes, and the richness and variety of morphology and behaviour." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS the first week on the human foot. Nothing is as it seems to be. We usually marvel at nature's inventiveness, with good reason. But no living morsel under the sun has been purpose-built. All are transitional morphs borrowed from previous inventions, after aeons of tinkering for new functions. All are morphs in restless transitions, destination unknown, with a thousand blind ends, and a few startling successes. View in LinkedIn

THE OBSCURE FOOT. "The complexity of the multiple joints formed between the 26 bones of the foot, and their latticework of ligaments and tendons, and the fact that the plantar surface is quite deeply covered with soft tissues, means that joint motion in vivo, and even centres of joint rotation, are extremely difficult to determine." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12201/full View in LinkedIn

PIECEMEAL ASSEMBLY. "The anatomical features seen in modern human feet seem to appear in a piecemeal fashion, and it has recently been proposed that there are different types of mosaic morphologies in the feet of several fossil hominin taxa, and potentially at different lineages with different types of bipedalism." https://lnkd.in/e8qSKap View in LinkedIn

GAIT CONTROL. "There is evidence to suggest that humans control walking behaviors through a hierarchical subdivision between cortical control and central pattern generators in the spinal column, indicating that when humans perform motion primitives, i.e., steady-state well-practiced walking behaviors—potentially simple and characterizable control strategies are implemented." https://lnkd.in/esks9FG View in LinkedIn