SADLY, science is riddled with both old and new examples of innovative –heretical — ideas that evoked an often vicious outcry from fellow scientists. Think: prions (Stanley Prusiner); think: jumping genes (Barbara McKlintock; think: synthetic life (Craig Venter). Paradigm shifts appear to be as painful today as they were for Copernicus, Kepler and Darwin. But Thomas Kuhn convincingly tells us that scientific progress is a discontinuous and often painful process.
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