MALE THEORY. “Conversely, the ‘Mostly Male Theory’ proposes the carpel to have been derived by the closure of (male) microsporophylls, around ovules that had developed ectopically on these. According to this view, all or most of the female-specific developmental pathways in the pre-angiosperm lineage, other than those required for ovule development, were lost during the evolution of the first angiosperms.”
https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of