MOSAIC PHYSIOLOGIES. “The common gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron induces angiogenin-4 gene expression in the intestinal Paneth cell. This protein functions to produce new blood vessels. But it is also a bacteriocidal factor against Listeria, the major competitor of Bacteroides and a gut pathogen. From these examples, we may conclude that on classical physiological grounds, animals are not individuals.”
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