SHAPING EVOLUTION. “Obligate symbiotic relationships shape the evolution of partner lineages. In symbioses that are mutually beneficial, partners evolve traits that enable and stabilize the symbiosis: this cooperative coevolution is emphasized in most studies of symbioses. Genomic work has also revealed that obligate symbiosis produces unusual genome modifications, including extreme reduction, rapid protein evolution, and codon reassignments, all of which are evident in ancient obligate symbionts of insects.”
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