SIMPLIFYING PROGRAMING OF E. COLI. “Currently, each time we need a cell that will perform a certain new function we have to recreate it from scratch which is a long and laborious process. Most people think all we have to do to modify behaviour is to modify a cell’s DNA but it’s not as simple as that — we usually find we get the wrong behaviour and then we are back to square one.” (2011).
http://www.tgdaily.com/trendwatch-features/59511-re-programmable-cells-to-create-new-life-forms