FEMALE COSTS. “SFPs inflict direct costs on females in terms of reduced lifetime reproduction or lifespan. Even if some of those costs are compensated by improved offspring quality, the majority of evidence suggests strong net costs for females upon receipt of SFPs; thus, selection should favour a female response that counteracts this effect.” (SFPs = male seminal fluid proteins).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeb.12763/full