CENTRALIZED SCIENCE. (Laurent). “Not only was he stuck far from where things were happening, but the university structure of France was set up so that research was really supported only in Paris. According to official instructions, the laboratories of provincial universities were designated strictly for class preparation. Private research by professors was, if not out and out prohibited, at least frowned upon and not at all supported.”
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00026980.2020.1867786