ORIGIN OF BLACK HOLES. “However, several aspects of the physics of BH growth and formation remain poorly understood. First, there are active ongoing debates about when and how seed BHs form: either via a direct collapse of cold gas clouds leading to massive seeds of ∼10(4)–10(5) M⊙, or via stellar remnants from Population III stars, resulting in low-mass (∼100 M⊙) BH seeds.” (BH = black hole; (M⊙ = solar mass).
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