DEGREES OF LIFE. “In this sense, viruses can be said to be more alive than bacteria along those functional dimensions. But “viruses” also rank lower than “bacteria” on all other dimensions, most notably on metabolism and proteins/catalysis (dimensions A and B) and environment interactions (dimension D), which is in line with the general characterization of viruses as lacking metabolism and being incapable of making a living by themselves.”
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-019-02356-w