Month: September 2022

OTHER FUNCTIONAL MUTATIONS. "As changes in the coding region, especially of transcription factors, can cause downstream changes within a GRN that result in spatial and/or temporal alterations in gene expression, a mutation does not have to be in a regulatory region to cause a heritable regulatory change. Thus, while regulatory changes in gene expression are a major factor in evodevo, these changes may be caused by different types of functional mutations." (GRN = gene regulatory network). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

OTHER MECHANISMS. "Cis-regulatory changes can evolve de novo by accumulation of mutations in cis-regulatory elements, or can be altered by increases in number and function of transcription factor (TF) binding sites following gene or whole-genome duplication events." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

WIDE SUBTLETY OF OUTCOMES. "When a gene acquires a new TF binding site, it can alter its expression domain either by adding new expression or by repressing expression in certain locations, times or under certain conditions." (TF = transcription factors). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

ANIMALS VERSUS PLANTS. "While studies in animal systems show that a gain of new expression patterns is rare relative to changes in the timing or level of gene expression, the expansion or restriction of spatial expression domains, or the loss of expression features, gene duplication and rampant polyploidy that are inherent to plants enables the possibility for a gain of new expression to likewise provide a considerable source of developmental variation." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

LARGE IMPACT OF CODING CHANGES. "Across the diversity of life there is, by and large, considerable conservation of protein coding sequences; still, the number of coding changes that have the capacity to impact gene regulation, protein interactions and DNA-binding properties can be significant." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

"EXPRESSION can be influenced by changes to variable upstream TF binding regions (cis-regulatory elements), by changes to coding sequences that alter protein–protein interactions essential for transcriptional regulation, by changes in heterochromatin location that silence or unsilence expression, or by changes in copy number that result in additional genes that can be coexpressed or subfunctionalized to effect new expression patterns." (TF = transcription factors). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

APPEARANCE OF HOMOLOGY. "As was recently demonstrated for the regulation of the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS by orthologues of LEAFY in different flowering plants, variation in TF binding sites can simultaneously form the basis for conserved as well as divergent regulatory interactions, leading to novel phenotypes: observed changes in expression patterns that appear to be similar may not be caused by homologous genetic processes." (TF = transcription factors). https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

California's wildflower 'super bloom' transforms landscapes into paintings http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/14/weather/california-super-bloom/index.html View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION. "In plants, where gene duplication followed by differential selection on resulting copies enables novel regulatory networks to form, in part or in whole, regulatory evolution must be investigated in the context of these networks." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

FASTER EVOLUTION. "Accelerated rates of regulatory gene evolution have been shown to accompany rapid morphological diversification in adaptive radiations, demonstrating a link between morphological and genetic diversification in regulatory regions of developmental genes." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn