Month: September 2022

MODULAR VS MONOLITHIC. "Intuitively, modular systems seem more adaptable, a lesson well known to human engineers, because it is easier to rewire a modular network with functional subunits than an entangled, monolithic network." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

HYPOTHESIS: MODULARITY CONVEYS EVOLVABILITY. "The leading hypothesis is that modularity mainly emerges because of rapidly changing environments that have common subproblems, but different overall problems." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS, A BYPRODUCT. "We investigate an alternate hypothesis that has been suggested, but heretofore untested, which is that modularity evolves not because it conveys evolvability, but as a byproduct from selection to reduce connection costs in a network." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

NETWORK COSTS. "Such costs include manufacturing connections, maintaining them, the energy to transmit along them and signal delays, all of which increase as a function of connection length and number." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

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COSTS OF SIGNAL CHANGE. "Adding more connections in a signalling pathway might delay the time that it takes to output a critical response; adding regulation of a gene via more transcription factors may be difficult or impossible after a certain number of proximal DNA binding sites are occupied, and increases the time and material required for genome replication and regulation." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF PROTEIN CHANGE. "Adding more protein–protein interactions to a system may become increasingly difficult as more of the remaining surface area is taken up by other binding interactions." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COST MINIMIZATION. "The strongest evidence that biological networks face direct selection to minimize connection costs comes from the vascular system and from nervous systems, including the brain, where multiple studies suggest that the summed length of the wiring diagram has been minimized, either by reducing long connections or by optimizing the placement of neurons." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

DIRECT SELECTION OF EFFICIENCY. "Although most hypotheses assume indirect selection for evolvability, here we demonstrate that the ubiquitous, direct selection pressure to reduce the cost of connections between network nodes causes the emergence of modular networks." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

EFFICIENCY CAUSES MODULARITY. "This paper supports the hypothesis that selection to reduce connection costs causes modularity, even in unchanging environments.” https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn