Month: September 2022

OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER GENES. "Given that segmental duplications are typically older than speciation events, it is likely that segmentally duplicated genes have fixed different functions and are in essence acting as unique genes. As such, it would be expected that increases in intraspecific variation may only be detected among younger tandem duplicated genes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

CONSTRAINTS ON PRIMARY METABOLISM. "Another factor controlling the divergence and maintenance of gene duplicates is the biological function of the gene. It is commonly held that some essential biological processes, such as primary energy metabolism, may be constrained in their ability to vary." https://lnkd.in/deyMTHD View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC DATABASES. "A rich source for testing the relationship between biological function, gene duplication and intraspecific genetic variation are databases describing the metabolic pathways known and predicted within a host of organisms. These databases provide specific metabolic roles for genes acting as a highly refined function prediction." https://lnkd.in/deyMTHD View in LinkedIn

PRIMARY FUNCTION GENES. "The critical function of the genes in these primary metabolic pathways may be constrained in the range of gene expression values that the pathways transcripts can occupy and the more specific definition of their biological activity may enhance our ability to detect this." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SECONDARY FUNCTION GENES. "In contrast to primary metabolism, genes involved in secondary metabolite pathways are marked by a high level of inter and intraspecific variation. The evolution of this diversity is predicted to be driven by gene duplication and consequent neo-functionalization of enzymes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

GREATER PLASTICITY IN SECONDARY FUNCTIONS. "We hypothesize that such secondary metabolite pathways may have higher levels of gene duplication and greater gene expression diversity than primary metabolite enzymes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPT ANALYSIS. "To understand the role that gene duplication and gene expression diversity may play in controlling metabolic pathways, I analyzed transcript accumulation for the complete genome. This analysis includes 21,460 genes for which there are both microarray data and assigned duplication status. 12,676 genes are classified as unique." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

IMPACT ON METABOLISM. "I estimated the impact of gene duplication and metabolic function upon intraspecific gene expression variation of segmental and tandem duplicated genes within Arabidopsis thaliana." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this contemplation of the evolution of metabolism on a cliffhanger, to be completed next weekend. When you look at texts about metabolism, it is easy to think that these are stable systems, but were the clock of time speeded up, it would show enormous changes, adaptation and plasticity. After all, it evolved to accommodate a newly oxygenated world in its relative infancy, and survived that tremendous challenge. And so it continues to adapt. View in LinkedIn

SEEDS OF INTELLIGENT BEHAVIORS. "The robot is constantly predicting, by observing the motion of its own hand, which kind of subsequent motion will maximize its chances of success. The result is continuous feedback: what we might call hand-eye coordination. Observing the behavior of the robot after over 800,000 grasp attempts, which is equivalent to about 3000 robot-hours of practice, we can see the beginnings of intelligent reactive behaviors." http://googleresearch.blogspot.com.es/2016/03/deep-learning-for-robots-learning-from.html View in LinkedIn