Year: 2022

REPURPOSING. “Duplication of genetic material immediately leads to genetic redundancy, whereby gene copies can subsequently diverge and evolve toward novel or altered functionality. In plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, the expansion of a plethora of gene families such as peptidases, glycoside hydrolases, kinases, or transporters has been implicated in the pathogenic lifestyle.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

UNEXPECTED BENEFITS. “Loss of genetic material by deletion can reduce the fitness of an organism. However, also the opposite situation can occur, for instance when a pathogen loses genes encoding molecules that are recognized by host immune receptors.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

GENETIC INVERSIONS. “Inversions are intra-chromosomal rearrangements that do not necessarily result in loss of genetic material. However, inversions can have a considerable impact on meiotic reproduction by reducing recombination frequencies.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

PATH TO ISOLATION. “Inversions may increase adaptation, for instance to particular habitats, and support spatial isolation within the population. Moreover, larger inversions can also affect genes involved in reproductive isolation, and, together with enhanced divergence, drive speciation. Inversions, therefore, seem to be strong promoters of reproductive isolation.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

VIRAL JUMPING GENES. “The genomes of many eukaryotes contain a high amount of transposable elements – DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome...transposable elements can impact the gene content of a genome by inducing gene knockouts, modulating gene regulation or causing double-strand DNA breaks by transposable elements excision.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES ROLE IN EVOLUTION. “In addition to these active roles, the major contribution of transposable elements toward genome evolution is passive. Non-faithful repair of double-strand DNA breaks is facilitated by highly similar sequences such as abundant or propagating transposable elements.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND DIVERSITY. “Genome rearrangements are not only mediated by transposable elements, but also by other highly repetitive elements such as micro- and minisatellites; short nucleotide repeats that differ in the length of the repeat unit.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

TRANSFER RNA. “Moreover, genome rearrangements have been observed in proximity to highly abundant tRNA genes in yeast.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

USEFUL SUBSTRATES. “The high abundance and their high levels of similarity make transposable elements and other repetitive sequences obvious ectopic substrates in naturally occurring double-strand DNA break repair pathways. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests mobilization of transposable elements by environmental stresses leading to genome evolution.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

INDUCED CODE VARIETY. “Repair of double-strand DNA breaks play important roles in fostering genomic diversity during meiotic and mitotic recombination, and errors during these processes can promote extensive genomic rearrangements.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn