Year: 2022

SIZE DOES NOT MATTER. “As is well known, equating genomic complexity with genome length in base pairs gives rise to a conundrum (known as the C-value paradox) because large variations in genomic complexity (in particular in eukaryotes) seem to bear little relation to the differences in organismic complexity.” http://www.pnas.org/content/97/9/4463.full View in LinkedIn

SO-CALLED JUNK DNA. “The C-value paradox is partly resolved by recognizing that not all of DNA is functional: that there is a neutral fraction that can vary from species to species. If we were able to monitor the non-neutral fraction, it is likely that a significant increase in this fraction could be observed throughout at least the early course of evolution. For the later period, in particular the later Phanerozoic Era, it is unlikely that the growth in complexity of genomes is due solely to innovations in which genes with novel functions arise de novo.” http://www.pnas.org/content/97/9/4463.full View in LinkedIn

MODERN DEFINITION OF LIFE. "Any entity that has the ability to store and exchange information autonomously." https://lnkd.in/eyhNP82 View in LinkedIn

"INFORMATION IS THE CURRENCY OF LIFE. “Life should not be thought of as a chemical event. Instead, it should be thought of as information...by reimagining living things as self-perpetuating information strings." (Physicist Christoph Adami). https://www.quantamagazine.org/20151119-life-is-information-adami/ View in LinkedIn

"HUMAN DNA has approximately 3 billion base pairs, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. That means 4^3,000,000,000 possible base sequences. For simplicity, let’s say that each gene is either suppressed, or not, in the epigenome. That would be a binary choice for each gene. Most humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Let’s say the average is about 2^22,500 more choices." http://www.decodedscience.org/comparing-genetic-code-dna-binary-code/55476 View in LinkedIn

SIX GIGAS OF INFORMATION. "Human DNA genome encodes 4^(3 billion) = 2^(6 billion) choices, or 6 billion bits of information. The epigenome encodes at least 2^22,500 choices, or 22,500 bits. The total information is 6,000,022,500 bits, or approximately 6 Gb (gigabits)." http://www.decodedscience.org/comparing-genetic-code-dna-binary-code/55476 View in LinkedIn

GENETIC INFORMATION. "One might suggest that the genetic information is equally carried by the amino acids produced by the codons. So that is a total information of 4,392,322,500 bits including the epigenome. In ASCII code, that would be 627,474,642 MB (megabytes)." http://www.decodedscience.org/comparing-genetic-code-dna-binary-code/55476 View in LinkedIn

"INFORMATION does not change whether it is encoded in bits, in nucleotides, or is scratched on a rock: Information is substrate-independent. But information is also, mathematically speaking, extremely rare. The probability of finding a sequence encoding a sizable chunk of information by chance is so small that for practical purposes it is zero." https://lnkd.in/d-TfSCW View in LinkedIn

TYPES OF INFORMATION. "Nature is full of hierarchical and symbiotic structures which are optimally designed in all design aspects. Ingenious solutions in nature are transmitted by genetic codes. Human information is not transferable genetically but has to be studied, stored to design codes and transmitted by education." https://lnkd.in/dYdY4x3 View in LinkedIn

NEW GENES. “Evolution of Gene Structural Complexity. Plant and animal genomes are more dynamic than previously thought. Genomes were assumed to hold a finite number of genes, but later it was discovered that new genes can arise through DNA-based duplication, RNA-based duplication, gene fusions, or de novo origination, resulting in a distinct new gene that evolves independently.” https://lnkd.in/dYTQHYE View in LinkedIn