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PART TYPE DRAIN. "In other words, in hierarchical transitions, there is a drain on numbers of part types at the lower level." http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056%5B0441:ACDOCI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 View in LinkedIn

LOWER-LEVEL COMPLEXITY LOSS. "A hypothesis has been advanced recently predicting that, in evolution, as higher-level entities arise from associations of lower-level organisms, and as these entities acquire the ability to feed, reproduce, defend themselves, and so on, the lower-level organisms will tend to lose much of their internal complexity." http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056%5B0441:ACDOCI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 View in LinkedIn

GENETIC COMPLEXITY. "Further examination of the DNA record suggests that these increases in gene complexity are the product of evolutionary innovation, tinkering, and expansion of genetic material." http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513 View in LinkedIn

ELABORATED ANIMALIA. "Escher exploited these basic patterns in his tessellations, applying what geometers would call reflections, glide reflections, translations, and rotations to obtain a greater variety of patterns. He also elaborated these patterns by distorting the basic shapes to render them into animals, birds, and other figures." https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSITIONS AND GENE NUMBER. "Comparisons of several independently evolved pairs of multicellular and unicellular relatives indicate that transitions to multicellularity are typically associated with increases in the numbers of genes involved in cell differentiation, cell-cell communication, and adhesion." https://lnkd.in/d7ecRYi View in LinkedIn

GARDEN OF DELIGHTS. "In mathematical quarters, the regular division of the plane has been considered theoretically…Does this mean that it is an exclusively mathematical question? In my opinion, it does not. [Mathematicians] have opened the gate leading to an extensive domain, but they have not entered this domain themselves. By their very nature they are more interested in the way in which the gate is opened than in the garden lying behind it." (MCE). https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

ENFORCING COOPERATION. "If the rhizobia in a root nodule do not provide nitrogen to their leguminous host plant, the plant reduces the growth rate of the bacteria by decreasing oxygen supply. In this case, each rhizobium cell is selected to fix nitrogen to avoid both itself and its relatives within the nodule being sanctioned." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

METAMORPHOSIS. "Escher, however, was fascinated by every kind of tessellation—regular and irregular—and took special delight in what he called “metamorphoses,” in which the shapes changed and interacted with each other, and sometimes even broke free of the plane itself." There metamorphoses of geometry also obsessed Gaudí in the Sagrada Familia. https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

INTERACTING MECHANISMS. "Although we have emphasised how the mechanisms favouring cooperation can be divided up, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and there is considerable scope for interactions between them." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

TESSELLATIONS. "Regular divisions of the plane, called tessellations, are arrangements of closed shapes that completely cover the plane without overlapping and without leaving gaps. Typically, the shapes making up a tessellation are polygons or similar regular shapes, such as the square tiles often used on floors." (Reminiscent of the basic geometry of spider webs). https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn