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EVOLUTIONARY PROFILES. "All evolved higher maximum growth rates on glucose, shorter lag phases upon transfer into fresh medium, reduced peak population densities, and larger average cell sizes relative to their ancestor. Ten populations evolved increased DNA supercoiling, and those populations examined to date show parallel changes in global gene-expression profiles." http://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/7899.full View in LinkedIn

FITNESS. "Previous analyses of this experiment have shown numerous examples of parallel phenotypic and genetic evolution. All twelve populations underwent rapid improvement in fitness that decelerated over time." http://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/7899.full View in LinkedIn

NO CITRATE USERS. "In a long-term experiment, we propagated 12 populations of E. coli, all founded from the same ancestral strain, in a medium containing glucose, which is the limiting resource, and abundant citrate. For more than 30,000 generations, none of them evolved the capacity to use the citrate, although billions of mutations occurred in each population, such that any typical base pair mutation would have been tested many times in each one." http://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/7899.full View in LinkedIn

GENETIC COMPARTMENTALIZATION. "During evolution, the genomes of eukaryotic cells have undergone major restructuring to meet the new regulatory challenges associated with compartmentalization of the genetic material in the nucleus and the organelles acquired by endosymbiosis (mitochondria and plastids)." https://lnkd.in/d7Gtrg9 View in LinkedIn

GENETIC BACKGROUND. "The founding strain is strictly asexual, and thus populations have evolved by natural selection and genetic drift acting on variation generated solely by spontaneous mutations that occurred during the experiment." http://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/7899.full View in LinkedIn

THE BIGGEST GAP. "The gap between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is recognized as the most profound evolutionary discontinuity in the living world. This gap is reflected in the fossil record." https://lnkd.in/d-J5JBr View in LinkedIn

LONG LINEAGE. "Environmental conditions have been controlled, constant, and identical for all 12 lines. To date, each population has evolved for >44,000 generations, and samples have been frozen every 500 generations, providing a rich “fossil record”." http://www.pnas.org/content/105/23/7899.full View in LinkedIn

FIRST CLASSIFICATION. "In 1966, Japanese meteorologists Choji Magono and Chung Woo Lee established 80 unique classifications of ice crystals, including cups, needles, bullets and scrolls." https://lnkd.in/dg5wgRX View in LinkedIn

QUESTION OF SCALE. " ""One water molecule is not fluid" "One gold atom is not metallic" "One neuron is not conscious" "One amino acid is not alive."" "(Jochen Fromm). https://lnkd.in/dYUrQb3 View in LinkedIn

KEPLER'S CONJECTURE. "Yet in the end, Kepler is defeated by the snowflake's ornate form and plate-like shape. He realizes that although the packing of spheres creates regular patterns, they are not necessarily hexagonal or flat, let alone as ramified and ornamented as that of the snowflake. His failure to explain the regularity of the snowflake is no disgrace, for not until the 1980s was this seen to be a consequence of branching growth instabilities biased by the hexagonal crystal symmetry of ice." https://lnkd.in/dX5WYMA View in LinkedIn