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Artificial intelligence and off-grid living: Top designers imagine the year 2066 View in LinkedIn

MULTICELLULARITY. "Cyanobacteria evolved simple filamentous multicellularity over 2.5 billion years ago, and entire clades of multicellular organisms have arisen in the last 200 million years (for example, brown algae and the volvocine algae." https://lnkd.in/dU8HRX5 View in LinkedIn

MULTICELLULAR EVOLUTION IN VITRO. "Here we show that multicellular complexity, including development from a single cell, can evolve rapidly in a unicellular organism that has never had a multicellular ancestor. We subject the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to conditions that favour multicellularity, resulting in the evolution of a multicellular life cycle in which clusters reproduce via motile unicellular propagules." https://lnkd.in/dU8HRX5 View in LinkedIn

ON HIVES, POMEGRANATES, AND ICE. "Kepler wondered why a hexagon is the underlying form for a snowflake and not another shape, he proposed that it may be something to do with a hexagon being one of only three shapes that can fill a 2D surface without any gaps. The others being a triangle and a square." http://thesmarthappyproject.com/hexagon-geometry-snowflake/ View in LinkedIn

ANOTHER EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE of experimental evolution follows, using algae this time, to explore the development of multicellular features from a unicellular foundation. View in LinkedIn

THE TYPICAL EXPLANATION. "Water (or water vapour) molecules attach to a dust particle and form the beginnings of a snowflake. These molecules crystallize to a hexagonal plate form, every snowflake is formed around this shape. Every one will have repeated hexagon design but each snowflake will be slightly different. A hexagon is a 2D shape with six sides." https://lnkd.in/dRC3GWk View in LinkedIn

YEAST LAB EVOLUTION. "These results show that key aspects of multicellular complexity, a subject of central importance to biology, can readily evolve from unicellular eukaryotes." http://www.pnas.org/content/109/5/1595.full View in LinkedIn

SIMPLICITY BENEATH. "Throughout the natural and artificial world one observes phenomena of great complexity...research in physics and to some extent biology and other fields have shown that the basic components of many systems are quite simple. It is now a crucial problem for many areas of science to elucidate the mathematical mechanisms by which large numbers of such simple components, acting together, can produce behavior of the great complexity observed." https://lnkd.in/dc_82je View in LinkedIn

THE NOTHING TREATISE ON A SNOWFLAKE. "Lacking the necessary funds to buy an appropriate Christmas gift for a friend, Kepler decided to write the essay on the snowflake. After all, he asked rhetorically, what do astronomers and mathematicians "who have Nothing and receive Nothing" have to give, but Nothing?" http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/SixCornered.html View in LinkedIn

SERIOUS SNOWFLAKE MATHEMATICS. How Kepler's "nothing" could demand such deep thinking to solve. Take a block of ice for this journey. https://lnkd.in/d6pKQyK View in LinkedIn