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CHAIN OF EVENTS. "We suggest that major shifts in biological complexity – from lower level entities to the emergence of new, higher level entities – are associated with a physical transition (perhaps akin to a thermodynamic phase transition), and this physical transition is in turn associated with a fundamental change in causal structure." https://lnkd.in/dTS7dFy View in LinkedIn

LATE INNOVATION. "We address eukaryogenesis from four perspectives — molecular phylogenetics, palaeontology, bioenergetics, and modern cell biology and biochemistry — each of which has contributed important and surprisingly congruent insights relating to this argument. It is the consilience of these lines of evidence that leads us to conclude that eukaryotes are not a primary lineage of life; rather, they are a relatively late innovation." https://lnkd.in/dz-st9e View in LinkedIn

POWER OF REASON. "We argue that hypothesis testing and inductive reasoning are consilient with a symbiogenic hypothesis for the origin of the Eukaryota." https://lnkd.in/dz-st9e View in LinkedIn

ONE GIANT LEAP? "Phylogenomic reconstructions show that the characteristic eukaryotic complexity arose almost 'ready made', without any intermediate grades seen between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels of organization. Explaining this apparent leap in complexity at the origin of eukaryotes is one of the principal challenges of evolutionary biology." https://lnkd.in/d_D8bWi View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT OVERLAPS. "The organizational complexity of the eukaryotic cells is complemented by extremely sophisticated, cross-talking signaling networks. Eukaryotes all share the main features of cellular architecture and the regulatory circuitry that clearly differentiate them from prokaryotes, although the ancestral forms of some signature eukaryotic systems are increasingly detected in prokaryotes." https://lnkd.in/d_D8bWi View in LinkedIn

ENGULFMENT EVENTS. "The key events in the evolution of eukaryotes were the acquisition of the nucleus, the endomembrane system, and mitochondria. It is now established beyond reasonable doubt that mitochondria are derived from endosymbiotic α-proteobacteria." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/76 View in LinkedIn

Dutch trains become 100% powered by wind energy https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/10/dutch-trains-100-percent-wind-powered-ns?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION TO A BIGGER CELL. "A typical eukaryotic cell is about 1,000-fold bigger by volume than a typical bacterium or archaeon, and functions under different physical principles. The other hallmark of the eukaryotic cell is the presence of mitochondria, which have a central role in energy transformation and perform many additional roles in eukaryotic cells, such as in signaling and cell death." https://lnkd.in/d_D8bWi View in LinkedIn

TWO GROUPS. "The origin of the eukaryotic cell, which is known as eukaryogenesis, has puzzled scientists for more than 100 years, and many hypotheses have been proposed...we evaluate the available theories for their compatibility with empirical observations and conclude that cellular life consists of two primary, paraphyletic prokaryotic groups and one secondary, monophyletic group that has symbiogenic origins — the eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dz-st9e View in LinkedIn

QUANTUM JUMP. "The emergence of the eukaryotic cell with its nucleus, endomembrane system, and membrane-bound organelles represented a quantum leap in complexity beyond anything seen in prokaryotes." http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/76 View in LinkedIn