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EFFICIENCY IN SIMPLICITY. "In fact, because of their more rapid generation times and larger population sizes, we might expect prokaryotes to have more exquisitely refined regulatory systems, more selection per base pair as it were—a sort of historical complexity, alluded to above in our cyanobacteria vs. marsupial comparison." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

EFFICIENCY FALSEHOOD. "There is no reason to believe that unicellular protists with large genomes regulate the expression of their genes more efficiently or with greater flexibility than do prokaryotes with much less DNA." https://lnkd.in/d6GwkCt http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL CONSEQUENCE. "Eukaryotic transcription is inherently noisy." When a completely foreign metabolic pathway is bolted-on, no surprise. https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

CO-EVOLUTION. "DNA, RNA and proteins are major biological macromolecules that coevolve and adapt to environments as components of one highly interconnected system." https://lnkd.in/d7UdfWB View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM OF NEW GENE GENERATION in humans. Exon shuffling: 19%; gene duplication; retroposition: 1%; recruitment of a mobile element: 4%; horizontal gene transfer; gene fusion; de novo transformation of a non-coding region into a coding region. https://lnkd.in/dyvJr2S View in LinkedIn

"HIGHLY DESIGNABLE FOLDS provide structural scaffolds for many different biochemical reactions. We show that contemporary proteins are built from a limited number of EFs, making their analysis instrumental for establishing the rules for protein design." (EFs = elementary functions). https://lnkd.in/dwbv2VX View in LinkedIn

NEW HYMN BOOK. "The one-genome/one-organism doctrine of classical genetics has been eclipsed by studies of hereditary symbiosis. Microbial symbionts form a second type of genetic inheritance."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

MOSAIC PHYSIOLOGIES. "The common gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron induces angiogenin-4 gene expression in the intestinal Paneth cell. This protein functions to produce new blood vessels. But it is also a bacteriocidal factor against Listeria, the major competitor of Bacteroides and a gut pathogen. From these examples, we may conclude that on classical physiological grounds, animals are not individuals."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

DISEASE PROTECTION. "Specific bacteria also induce the formation of regulatory T-lymphocytes that suppress potentially dangerous immune responses that can cause inflammatory bowel disease."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC OUTSOURCING. "Lipid metabolism, the detoxification of xenobiotics, regulation of colonic pH, vitamin synthesis, and intestinal permeability are each biological functions provided to the holobiont by bacteria."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn