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SHARED PHYSIOLOGIES. "​In the early 20th century, findings that microbes inherited through the eggs of insects caused morphological changes with no apparent pathogenic effects on their host further suggested how organisms living in close proximity shared their respective physiologies."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

NEW VIEW. "Yet, far removed from this classical conception, a small but growing body of evidence accumulated, which reveals that this physiological division of labor could also be accomplished by different species living together, as exemplified by the discoveries, in the latter 19th century, of the duality of lichens, of fungi living in the roots of orchids and forest trees, of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes, and of algae living inside the cells of translucent cnidarians."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

OLD VIEW. "​In the post-Darwinian era, this individualistic view of the organism extended to the organization of the cell, as well as projected onto the organism formed by intercellular relations. Accordingly, all complex organization resulted from the struggle for existence, providing an ever-increasing integration through a division of labor. A common assumption underlays this classical conception, namely, that each organism is derived from one germplasm, the zygote."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

ORGAN SOCIETIES. "Complexity of animal organization is accompanied by the increasing division of labor among organs, a concept derived from Adam Smith's conception that socioeconomic progress in complex societies results from the division of labor."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

DEVELOPMENTAL MOSAICS. "Development then becomes a matter of interspecies communication. We are not individuals from the viewpoint of developmental biology."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

OUTSOURCED SIGNALS. "​In the developing guts of mice and zebrafish, hundreds of genes are activated by bacterial symbionts. The coevolution of mammals and their gut bacteria has in effect resulted in the “outsourcing” of developmental signals from animal cells to microbial symbionts."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

FISH GUT TRIGGERS. "​In zebrafish, microbes regulate (through the canonical Wnt pathway) the normal proliferation of the intestinal stem cells. Without these microbes, the intestinal epithelium has fewer cells, and it lacks goblet cells, entroendocrine cells, and the characteristic intestinal brush border enzymes."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

GROUP SELECTION. "Symbionts can therefore provide selectable allelic variation such that the entire group—the holobiont—is the selectable entity rather than either host or symbiont alone. Thus, microbes provide a second hereditary system that enables holobiont survival and selection."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

IMMUNE AND DIGESTIVE TRIGGERS. "​In “germ-free” asymbiotic mice, the development of the immune system and the digestive system cannot be completed without gut bacteria. Rather, these mice have insufficient intestinal capillaries, poorly developed or absent gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and a diminished T-cell repertoire that gives them an immunodeficiency syndrome."​ View in LinkedIn

MATE SELECTION. "Recent studies in Drosophila, for instance, demonstrate that the symbionts (not alleles of nuclear genes) provide important pheromonal cues necessary for mating preference."​ https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn