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SYMBIONT FERTILIZATION CONTROL. "Many other heritable endosymbionts are facultative and not absolutely required by their host for survival and reproduction. Although endosymbionts are not directly associated with genitalia, they still form an important part of insect reproduction as manipulators of fertilization." https://lnkd.in/dChz5SR View in LinkedIn

THE KEY ENERGY JUMP. "The role of energy and the energetic constraints that prokaryotic cell organization placed on evolutionary innovation in cell history has recently come to bear on endosymbiotic theory. Only cells that possessed mitochondria had the bioenergetic means to attain eukaryotic cell complexity, which is why there are no true intermediates in the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition." https://lnkd.in/d8-2n7b View in LinkedIn

ONGOING ENDOSYMBIOTIC EVENTS. "In insects mutualistic symbionts are often associated with nutritional aspects where hosts build obligate relationships with endosymbionts. Most mutualists are in an evolutionary long-lasting host–symbiont relationship and have evolved complete vertical transmission. Among those the most specific relationships have evolved as intracellular vertical transmission, very similar to mitochondria or chloroplasts." https://lnkd.in/dChz5SR View in LinkedIn

SYMBIONTS DEFINE MATE SELECTION. "In sexual reproduction different types of symbiotic relationships between insects and microbes have become established. For example, some bacteria have evolved almost exclusive vertical transmission and even define the compatibility of insect mating partners. Many strictly sexually transmitted diseases have also been described in insects." https://lnkd.in/dChz5SR View in LinkedIn

RARER MALE TRANSMISSION. "This conventional knowledge is countered by our discovery of intrasperm vertical transmission of nuclear-targeting bacterial symbiont (Rickettsia) in an insect (leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps), which potentially erodes the nuclear-cytoplasmic conflict that governs the majority of endosymbiotic associations." https://lnkd.in/dzMQrDi View in LinkedIn

OPEN VERSUS CLOSED SYMBIOSIS. "All animals are colonized by microorganisms that promote the health and fitness of their animal host. Many associations are open, meaning that microorganisms can be gained by the animal from external sources and are shed from the animal back to the environment, but other associations are closed with obligate vertical transmission, generally from mother to offspring." https://lnkd.in/dzMQrDi View in LinkedIn

MATERNAL TRANSMISSION. "Diverse organisms are commonly associated with bacterial endosymbionts, which often affect hosts’ biology and phenotypes in a variety of ways. The majority of these symbionts are generally present in the host cell cytoplasm and maternally transmitted through host generations." https://lnkd.in/dzMQrDi View in LinkedIn

OBLIGATORY SYMBIOSIS. "Virtually all terrestrial arthropod species harbor vertically transmitted microbial endosymbionts that play critical roles in the biology of their hosts. Many well-studied examples involve obligate bacterial endosymbionts (i.e., they are absolutely required for survival and reproduction) that supply their host with essential nutrients that are missing from its diet." https://lnkd.in/dn7-uaE View in LinkedIn

VERTICAL SYMBIONTS. "The vertical transmission of symbiotic microorganisms is omnipresent in insects, while the evolutionary process remains totally unclear. In many cases, host insects and symbiotic microbes have phylogenetic congruence, strongly suggesting that these symbiotic associations have been maintained by strict vertical transmission." https://lnkd.in/dvW6NMZ View in LinkedIn

EXAMPLE OF NICHE EXPANSION. "Aphids and other sap-feeding insects rely on phloem sap or xylem sap as their only food, and these diets are extremely limited in essential amino acids and some vitamins. Use of these unbalanced diets is possible because symbionts supply missing nutrients." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn