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ERROR DRIVEN EVOLUTION NARRATIVE. "High fidelity DNA synthesis is beneficial for maintaining genetic information over many generations and for avoiding mutations that can initiate and promote human diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Low fidelity DNA synthesis is beneficial for the evolution of species, for generating diversity leading to increased survival of viruses and microbes when subjected to changing environments, and for the development of a normal immune system." https://lnkd.in/dAV3ptS View in LinkedIn

SILENCING TRANSPOSONS. "We can consider how epigenetics might contribute to a cumulative evolution. Since it marks regions of DNA for non-expression, compared to unmarked regions, the expression patterns in subsequent generations can be affected thus show adaptation without genetic change. Interestingly, the origin of most all of these marking epigenetic systems appears to relate directly to the silencing and persistence of virus-like parasitic code." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

"CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION at the level of nucleic acid codes (genetic code based on DNA or RNA) is not solely what remains out of natural selection processes of mutations (error replication). Cumulative evolution is more like a ‘‘ratchet effect’’, which as originally used was metaphor -- like means for the cultural transmission of learned experiences to the next generations." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE. "Although viruses can clearly kill their host, they can also colonize their host without disease and thus sometimes protect the host from the same or similar virus. This new virus–host combination can thus provide an ‘antiviral’ survival advantage, especially in a virus-rich habitat. Since it is transmissible, such survival can also apply to groups that were virus colonized (not necessarily direct kin)." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

NOVEL STRATEGY. "This ‘infectious’ colonization by new addiction modules is a main process in generating new sequence space without error-replication and therefore in the evolution, conservation and plasticity of genetic identities." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

VIRAL ADDICTION MODULES. "Although rather stable under certain circumstances, this addiction balance can also get out of balance which means the competing viral features may become virulent again. But when stable, we can find such counter-regulating paired genes of the addiction modules, as in the RM (restriction/modulation) systems as well as in TA (toxin/antitoxin) systems." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

HIDDEN HANDS IN THE WHEEL. "Recent studies suggest that host genomes also have acquired unusual modifications that are linked to symbiosis, including acquisition of genes from bacterial donors that seem to play a role in controlling or supporting symbionts." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn

DEFECTIVE PARASITES. "In most cases, parts of infectious agents remain as defectives some known as LTRs, non-LTRs, SINEs, LINEs, and Alu’s which are later on co-adapted for cellular needs such as regulation tools in all steps and fine-tuned substeps of cellular functions such as, e.g., transcription, translation, epigenetics, repair, and immunity." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

SHAPING EVOLUTION. "Obligate symbiotic relationships shape the evolution of partner lineages. In symbioses that are mutually beneficial, partners evolve traits that enable and stabilize the symbiosis: this cooperative coevolution is emphasized in most studies of symbioses. Genomic work has also revealed that obligate symbiosis produces unusual genome modifications, including extreme reduction, rapid protein evolution, and codon reassignments, all of which are evident in ancient obligate symbionts of insects." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn

COOPERATING VIRUSES. "The second but not less important point is that viruses can co-operate, that is they interact to build groups that invade host genomes and even compete as a group for limited resources such as host genomes." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn