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NON-CODING TRANSCRIPTION. "Emerging evidence suggests that genomes transcribe a much larger repertoire of non-coding compared to protein-coding RNAs, a phenomenon that is more elaborate in complex organisms. Additionally, the number and types of known functional non-coding RNAs, short or long in size, has been significantly expanded, as these may be involved in cis or trans regulation of genes located in their vicinity or at distant loci." https://lnkd.in/ef6MAfH View in LinkedIn

RARE EVENTS. "Keefe and Szostak derived ATP-binding proteins from 80 amino acid random sequences using high-diversity mRNA display (6 × 10(12) variants)...In their selection, an estimated frequency of 1 in 10(11) random sequence proteins was able to bind ATP. Interestingly, the selected proteins showed no significant homology with biological ATP-binding motifs suggesting that there are novel folds not sampled by nature for this specific purpose." https://lnkd.in/e3rTkFh View in LinkedIn

PEER INTERACTIONS. "De novo genes were found to interact preferentially, but not exclusively, with genes of the same age. Most likely, de novo genes do not acquire catalytic functions, suggesting that they serve primarily regulatory functions in their networks." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN VARIANT SELECTION. "It has been proposed that protein promiscuity (i.e., non-specific interaction) provides the basis for novel protein–protein interactions. Once established, natural selection will favor beneficial protein–protein interactions and incorporate changes stabilizing them." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

SECOND LEVEL. "The integration of de novo genes into protein–protein interaction networks is significantly slower." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

MATURING COMPLEXITY. "With increasing age of the regulatory landscape of de novo genes, a higher level of complexity is developed through the gradual acquisition of regulatory motifs." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE REGULATORS. "The first step is the integration into regulatory networks, primarily through acquisition of promoters. The analysis of retroposed genes indicated that regulatory elements can be acquired rapidly from nearby genes or more distant positions in the genome." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

GENE INTEGRATION. "Some de novo genes quickly become essential and persist for longer time spans. This raises the question of how de novo genes could become essential. The prevailing hypothesis is that de novo genes become integrated into already existing networks." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952515000347 View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE FUNCTIONS. "It does not take many sequence changes to evolve a new function. For example, with only 3% sequence changes from its paralogues, RNASE1B has developed a new optimal pH that is essential for the newly evolved digestive function in the leaf-eating monkey." https://lnkd.in/dyvJr2S View in LinkedIn

ESSENTIAL GENES. "It has been reported that there is a relationship between gene topological features and biological functions. More specifically, genes with high network connectivity tend to be functionally essential." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-015-0772-4 View in LinkedIn