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HAPLOID-DIPLOID DIVIDE. "Sexual eukaryotic organisms are characterized by an alternation between haploid and diploid phases. In vascular plants and animals, somatic growth and development occur primarily in the diploid phase, with the haploid phase reduced to the gametic cells. In many other eukaryotes, however, growth and development occur in both phases, with substantial variability among organisms in the length of each phase of the life cycle." https://lnkd.in/d_wyEN8 View in LinkedIn

DIPLOID WINDOW. "Widespread and abundant variation is maintained in a selectively neutral form within the genetic architectures of eukaryotes, particularly those with an extended diploid phase of the life cycle." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

NOT SIMPLE. "The relationship between the phenotypic variation affecting fitness and the genotypic variation producing it is complex." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION GATEWAY. "The translation of genetic differences into phenotypic differences is central to biology." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

THE RUB. "Evolution is generally modeled as the conversion of genetic variation between individuals into genetic variation between populations. This situation is complicated, however, by the fact that natural selection acts on variation among phenotypes rather than genotypes." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

RANGE OF CONTACT-POINTS. "Our observations of organismal phenotypes also inspire science aimed at understanding their development, functions, evolution, and interactions with the environment." https://lnkd.in/dt3RBQi View in LinkedIn

CODING GENES. "In fact, protein-encoding genes, which account for less than 2% of the genome in many higher organisms, tend to be highly conserved and are thus unlikely to lead a phenotypic revolution on their own." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE (GP). "Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of GP relationships." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

PROMISCUOUS REGULATORS. "The innate promiscuity and modularity of regulatory networks contributes to their evolvability: duplicated promiscuous regulators and their target promoters can acquire mutations that lead to gradual increases in specificity, allowing neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

THE NEW PARADIGM. "As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn