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"THE DIFFERENTIAL VIEW of GP relationships is a useful explanatory framework in the context of pervasive pleiotropy, epistasis, and environmental effects." (GP = genotype-phenotype relationship). https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

CODING GENES. "In fact, protein-encoding genes, which account for less than 2% of the genome in many higher organisms, tend to be highly conserved and are thus unlikely to lead a phenotypic revolution on their own." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE (GP). "Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of GP relationships." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

PROMISCUOUS REGULATORS. "The innate promiscuity and modularity of regulatory networks contributes to their evolvability: duplicated promiscuous regulators and their target promoters can acquire mutations that lead to gradual increases in specificity, allowing neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

THE NEW PARADIGM. "As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. "Throughout evolution, regulatory networks need to expand and adapt to accommodate novel genes and gene functions. Recent studies demonstrate that changes in transcription factors contribute to the evolution of regulatory networks. In particular, duplication of transcription factors followed by specific mutations in their DNA-binding or interaction domains propels the divergence and emergence of new networks." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

BUFFERING. "When buffering breaks down, thresholds governing the expression of previously silent variation are crossed. At these thresholds, phenotypic differences suddenly appear and are available for selection. Thus, buffering mechanisms modulate evolution and regulate a balance between evolutionary stasis and change." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENT EXPRESSION. "Even in closely related species with highly similar genome sequences, gene expression patterns can be quite different. This divergence in gene expression and regulation has been postulated to play a major role in evolution and is believed to be one of the primary sources of phenotypic variation between species." https://lnkd.in/dZmd2Vb View in LinkedIn

REGULATION TRUMPS NOVELTY. "It turns out that the genomic changes that enabled these evolutionary developments were far more subtle—it is the regulation, rather than the modification or creation, of genes that has driven macroscopic events throughout evolution." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

Rock climber makes historic ropeless ascent of California's El Capitan View in LinkedIn