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TWO GENE COPIES. "Historically, genome duplication was thought to be a mechanism of evolutionary change because it creates redundant copies of protein-encoding genes with impunity; these copies can have mutations, but the cell will continue to function as it retains an original version of the gene that was duplicated." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

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MOLECULAR EVOLUTION. "The goal of this review is to bring transcriptional regulation into the mainstream of molecular evolution. We are concerned here with promoters (cis-regulatory sequences that influence transcription) and transcription factors (proteins that interact with these sequences)." A great read. https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

"TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION is a central component in the control of gene expression. Identification of functional cis-elements in promoter regions, a key to understanding gene regulation, has turned out to be a difficult task thus far." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

DOMINANT LIFESTYLE ON EARTH. "We have heard much about non-coding RNAs, mobile genetic elements, repeat sequences, and introns— all of them formerly being termed ‘‘junk,’’ but now we can imagine these as remnants of persistent viral infection events. Thus, the persistent viral lifestyle is the most dominant biological lifestyle on this planet." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

NOT JUNK DNA. "The majority of the human genome consists of non-coding regions that have been called junk DNA. However, recent studies have unveiled that these regions contain cis-regulatory elements, such as promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, etc. These regulatory elements can play crucial roles in controlling gene expressions in specific cell types, conditions, and developmental stages. Disruption to these regions could contribute to phenotype changes." https://lnkd.in/dpPBtPH View in LinkedIn

THE NUT. "What these over-simplified formulations truly mean is that variation at a given gene causes variation in a given phenotype." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

OVERSIMPLIFIED CARTOON. "It is common to find headlines expressing these simplifications, trumpeting to wide audiences the discovery of the “longevity” or “well-being” gene, that sacrifice scientific accuracy to psychological impact." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

TOO SIMPLE. "Under the classical scheme, a mutation is compared to a wild-type reference, and its phenotypic effects are used to infer gene function. This framework often leads to a semantic shortcut: from a genetic change causing a variation in phenotype, it is often convenient to assimilate the corresponding gene as a causal determinant of a trait." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

ALL-IMPORTANT CONTEXT. "In other words, certain GP relationships are taxonomically robust and present across a large range of species. As underlined by multiple authors, genes and environment act jointly on the phenotype, and in most cases it is impossible to disentangle the effect of one from the other." (GP = genotype-phenotype relationship). https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn