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PUSH TOWARDS COMPLEXITY. "Only increasing organizational complexity, e.g. emergence of multicellular aggregates, can prevent the collapse of the host–parasite system under the pressure of parasites." https://lnkd.in/d_h9CX2 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS the peek into radically new thinking about the relationship between genes and traits. The overused word wholistic applies here as never before: in an environmental context. No longer genes causing phenotypes due to their mutations and sequences; but rather, the impact of the ecosystem, non-inherited post-translational methylations of DNA, and the word of today, epigenetics, together with genes, cause the phenotype. We are not just governed by genes. View in LinkedIn

NEW PARADIGM. "The differential view of the GP relationship helps to clarify the genetic and environmental effects on phenotypes and their connection." (GP = genotype-phenotype relationship)." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

VAST SAMPLE. "Here we explicitly test the long term determinants of TE evolution by comparing 42 nematode genomes that span over 500 million years of diversification, and include numerous transitions between life history states and RNAi pathways." (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

CONSEQUENCES OF SURPRISES. "Nowadays, one should not be surprised that a piece of DNA associated with a complex wing color pattern in one Heliconius butterfly species provides similar wings and collective protection from the same predators when introduced into the genome of other butterflies." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

PARASITE DISPARITY. "In contrast, life history and genomic characteristics such as mating system, parasitism, GC content, and RNAi pathways, have been suggested to account for the startling disparity of TE loads in different species." (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

CONSEQUENCES OF SURPRISES. "Nowadays, one should not be surprised that a piece of DNA associated with a complex wing color pattern in one Heliconius butterfly species provides similar wings and collective protection from the same predators when introduced into the genome of other butterflies." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

PURIFYING SELECTION. "In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious. This can result in stabilizing selection through the purging of deleterious variations that arise. Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population genetics level, with as little as a single point mutation being the unit of selection. In such a case, carriers of the harmful point mutation have fewer offspring each generation, reducing the frequency of the mutation in the gene pool." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection) View in LinkedIn

HUNDREDS OF BIG SURPRISES. "A more dramatic example is the recent evolution of a toxin resistance in three species that diverged more than 500 million years ago – a clam, a snake and a pufferfish – via the same amino acid substitution in a conserved gene. Such striking patterns of genetic repetition have now been found for more than 100 genes in animals and plants." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

MOSTLY NEGATIVE. "Although TEs may occasionally play an adaptive role in their host's genome, they are much more often deleterious, and purifying selection is thus an important factor controlling genomic TE loads." (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn