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VIRAL CONTRIBUTION. “The TEs are the primary contributors to the bulk of the genomic DNA in many eukaryotes, in particular mammals, and have the potential to contribute to the evolution of the hosts by providing novel regulatory or coding sequences.” (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

FAMILY OF FOSSILS. “Retrotransposons including long interspersed repetitive elements (LINEs), short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs), and long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are widely represented in mammals.” https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

ABUNDANT VIRAL FOSSILS. “Diverse TEs are widespread and abundant in the genomes of most eukaryotes. Different classes of TEs include mobile retrovirus-like elements, or retrotransposons, which transpose within the genome via RNA intermediates, and DNA transposons, which can relocate directly.” (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

PIVOTAL. “The discovery of the pivotal contribution of TEs to the evolution of the Xist gene prompts the question on a possible general role of TEs in the evolution of lincRNAs.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA; TE = transposable elements; Xist = (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

WAYS TO GO. “Taken together, these findings imply that an unknown but substantial fraction of lincRNAs are functional molecules rather than transcriptional noise and have evolutionary properties similar to those of protein-coding genes. However, the number of functionally characterized lincRNAs remains scarce.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION RATE. “In particular, protein-coding genes that are highly expressed in many tissues typically evolve slower than genes with lower expression level and breadth, and a similar dependence has been observed for lincRNA genes.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

CODING ORIGINS. “Taking into account that some lincRNA genes originated from protein-coding genes it appears likely that many properties of lincRNAs would generally resemble those of protein-coding genes, despite the typically lower level of constraint.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

VIRAL ENRICHMENT. “Here, we add another facet to these observations by showing that the promoter regions of lincRNAs are specifically enriched for ancient TES. This finding indicates that not only have many lincRNA genes evolved before the radiation of primates and rodents but also that at least some features of their regulation were already established at that time through TE insertion.” (TES = TE-derived sequences; lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA; TE = transposable element). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

CHANGING VIEW. “Many early studies, therefore, branded the lincRNAs “transcriptional dark matter” and considered them to be generally non-functional. However, low level or lack of detectable conservation does not necessarily imply that these molecules have no function.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY CONTRIBUTION. “Thus, it has been suggested that TES divide lincRNAs into classes and have contributed to lincRNA evolution and function by conferring tissue-specific expression from extant transcriptional regulatory signals.” (TES = TE-derived sequences; lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn