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REMARKABLE ROLE. “Due to the high abundance of MULEs and their remarkable functional roles in genome evolution, it is imperative to elucidate the origination, evolutionary processes, and regulatory mechanisms of MULE-derived genes in plant genomes.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements). http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0954-8 View in LinkedIn

BIRTH OF NEW GENES. “It has been demonstrated that non-autonomous MULEs can capture ectopic genomic sequences, such as gene fragments, and transpose them into new genomic locations, thereby forming putative new gene structures.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements). http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0954-8 View in LinkedIn

“NEW GENES can be created through various mechanisms, such as whole-genome duplication, small-scale duplication, illegitimate recombination, horizontal gene transfer, gene fusion, de novo origination from non-coding DNA sequence, RNA mediated retrotransposition, and dispersion/origination through TEs.” (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/dPzCkty View in LinkedIn

“MUTATORS are class II DNA transposable elements (TEs) and have propagated widely across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes through a “cut-and-paste” mechanism. The Mutator system was first reported in maize and was later found in other plants, bacteria, fungi and protozoans. Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are especially pervasive in higher plant genomes such as rice (Oryza sativa), in which more than 10,000 copies have been identified.” https://lnkd.in/dPzCkty View in LinkedIn

HYPER-ADAPTION. "This extraordinarily high rate of evolution allows viruses to escape from host immunity and rapidly adapt to a new host when they cross species." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215000549 View in LinkedIn

REPURPOSED VIRAL FOSSILS. “These examples are likely to reflect a more general phenomenon of exaptation and/or domestication during lncRNA evolution whereby TES are employed as DNA-, RNA-, and protein-binding domain/motifs.” (lincRNA = long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

OPEN ISSUES. "For instance, what types of functional elements in DNA, RNA, or proteins are most often affected by regulatory variants? Which stages of gene regulation are typically altered? How can we predict which variants are most likely to impact regulation in a given cell type?" https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

NONCODING REGULATORY VARIANTS. "It is now well established that noncoding regulatory variants play a central role in the genetics of common diseases and in evolution. However, until recently, we have known little about the mechanisms by which most regulatory variants act." https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETICS AND NOVELTY. “Our results suggest that DNA methylation may play an important role in the origination and survival of MULE-derived genes through modulation of their stability and expression, which might be a general mechanism for all the TE-derived genes, thereby contributing to the evolution of gene novelty.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements; TE = transposable element). https://lnkd.in/dPzCkty View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC LINKS. “We showed that the methylation level in three cytosine contexts of MULE internal sequences increases and that the CHH context of MULE TIRs decreases over evolutionary time. This result implies that genic-MULEs which acquired potentially functional coding sequences and were maintained in the multiple Oryza species over millions of years might acquire epigenetic marks in their internal and TIR sequences that are needed to maintain their stability in the genome.” (MULEs = Mutator-like transposable elements; TIR = terminated inverted repeats). http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0954-8 View in LinkedIn