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GEMOME AND EPIGENETICS. "The genotype contains the whole blueprint for the phenotype. The interesting thing is that the variety of parts that constitute the phenotype throughout its developmental stages as well as its regulation is coded in the genotype together with epigenetic markings." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

ADAPTATIONS AND DISEASE. "Accumulating evidence indicates that gene regulatory changes often contribute to species-specific adaptations as well as to within-species variation in complex phenotypes, such as interindividual variation in susceptibility to disease." https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

RNA REGULATORY GENES. "The percentage of coding for such proteins in the human 3 billion base pairs is only 1.5%, however. All the other DNA contains non-coding RNAs (up to 45%) and non-coding areas with unknown functions (55%) which I suggest represent non-coding RNAs of regulatory functions. This means in all organisms we can find the genotype and the encoded phenotype." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

NONCODING RNAs. "Their work provides circumstantial evidence that small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs)—small molecules that consist of about 22 nucleotides—are a major causal factor for structural change and increasing complexity among organisms." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY AND MICRO-RNAs. "It has been suggested that newly activated miRNAs may be part of general mechanism by which speciation occurs and that acquisition of miRNA genes apparently speed up with evolution of organismal complexity." (miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

MICRO-RNAs AND VERTEBRATES. “The emergence of vertebrates is characterized by a strong increase in miRNA families, and correlates with the increase in vertebrate morphological complexity." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

YOUNG MICRO-RNAs. "MicroRNAs originated over different time-scales are often predicted/verified to target the same or overlapping sets of genes, opening the possibility of substantial functional redundancy among miRNAs of different ages. Higher degree of tissue specificity and lower expression level was found in young miRNAs." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY VARIATION. "TE-derived regulatory sequences may be particularly prone to contribute to regulatory differences among species that lead to lineage-specific phenotypes." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://www.genetics.org/content/176/2/1323 View in LinkedIn

ACCIDENTAL ROLE. "Later, these regulatory mechanisms could have been co-opted to exert controlling effects over thousands of host genes as is the case for miRNAs. The evolution of such complex gene regulatory systems can be considered nonadaptive in the sense that they did not evolve by virtue of selection for the role that they play now." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://www.genetics.org/content/176/2/1323 View in LinkedIn

DEFENSE MECHANISM. "siRNAs are also thought to have evolved as a defense mechanism against TEs, and the results reported here and elsewhere indicate that miRNAs can emerge from TEs as well." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA; siRNA = small interfering RNAs). http://www.genetics.org/content/176/2/1323 View in LinkedIn