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MISTAKEN FOR NOISE. "Yet the significance of this finding was not recognized for at least five years since the “DNA like RNA” was less than 1% of total RNA (mostly rRNA) and thus assumed to be irrelevant noise." https://lnkd.in/dCi-e6y View in LinkedIn

DOGMA. "If the rates for one of these steps differ much more than the rates of the other three, that step would be dominant in defining the variation in protein expression. Over the past decade, system-wide studies have claimed that in animals, differences in translation rates predominate." http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6226/1066 View in LinkedIn

DNA-LIKE RNA. "The discovery of “DNA-like RNA” upon phage infection in 1956 was a critical clue leading to “mRNA hypothesis” https://lnkd.in/dCi-e6y View in LinkedIn

CENTRAL DOGMA. "Mammalian proteins are expressed at ∼10(3) to 10(8) molecules per cell. Differences between cell types, between normal and disease states, and between individuals are largely defined by changes in the abundance of proteins, which are in turn determined by rates of transcription, messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, translation, and protein degradation." https://lnkd.in/dsCRAbW View in LinkedIn

PREDICTION. "I very much see (it) as beginning a decade of epigenomics." http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/map-of-second-genetic-code-the-epigenome-is-unveiled/ View in LinkedIn

DNA --> mRNA --> PROTEIN DOGMA. "The central dogma of gene expression is that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNAs, which in turn serves as the template for protein synthesis. The discovery of extensive transcription of large RNA transcripts that do not code for proteins, termed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) provide an important new perspective on the centrality of RNA in gene regulation." https://lnkd.in/dCi-e6y View in LinkedIn

"CHAINMAIL is a system formed by concatenated rings. Chainmail in the form of interlocking rings of metal was used by medieval knights to protect their bodies from external forces in battle. The term protein chainmail was coined to explain how capsid proteins of HK97 form large complexes that behave abnormally under biochemical analyses. Later, the X-ray structure revealed how the polypeptide chains are arranged in the HK97 mature capsid to form concatenated rings." http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/biophy.2015.2.200/fulltext.html View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL VIRUS. "HK97 is a bacterial virus, bacteriophage, known to infect Escherichia coli and related bacteria. The capsid protein of HK97, gp5, cross-links upon maturation to form a concatenated chain-mail like structure. The bacteriophage undergoes a maturation process upon DNA packaging during which it expands by nearly 5 nm and changes from spherically symmetrical to icosahedrally symmetrical." https://lnkd.in/d9B2fAQ View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURAL AND FLEXIBLE. "Nature's favorite building block: Deciphering folding and capsid assembly of proteins with the HK97-fold. For many (if not all) bacterial and archaeal tailed viruses and eukaryotic Herpesvirdae the HK97-fold serves as the major architectural element in icosahedral capsid formation while still enabling the conformational flexibility required during assembly and maturation." https://lnkd.in/dBCqqe2 View in LinkedIn

MOST COMMON BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. "A protein fold that may be the most abundant biological structure on Earth. Surprisingly, the majority (67%) of the metaproteomic spectra were derived from just five environmentally dominant PCs. With a combination of sequence- and structural modeling-based annotation, these PCs are now predominantly identified as putative capsid proteins of tailed viruses containing the most abundant biological structure on Earth, the HK97-like protein fold." (PC = protein cluster). https://lnkd.in/dNAibqS View in LinkedIn