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TAXONOMIC ERRORS. "New taxa are often described based only on herbarium specimens, not taking into account information from wild populations, significantly decreasing the potential to detect morphologies arising from hybridization at this crucial descriptive stage." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

DISADVANTAGE #1. "If there are strong trade-offs between investment in sexual and vegetative reproduction, rapid clonal expansion may limit allocation to flowering and seed production." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

MISTAKEN SPECIES. "Hybridization has become a focal topic in evolutionary biology, and many taxonomists are aware that the process occurs more frequently than previously assumed. Nonetheless many species and varieties are still described without explicitly considering the possibility of hybridization, especially in countries that have relatively short scientific histories, but which often possess the highest species diversities." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

THREE DISADVANTAGES. "Despite the many advantages of vegetative reproduction, there is a growing recognition that clonal growth can also affect sexual reproduction in ways that may be detrimental to fitness. Three particular influences have been identified." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

WIDESPREAD PLANT HYBRIDIZATION. "The occurrence of hybrids, here meaning offspring resulting from two genetically distinct groups of organisms, has been known to taxonomists for a long time. Despite ongoing debate about the overall evolutionary importance of hybridization, the process has been shown to be widespread and relatively common in plants, occurring across many different families and floras." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

ADAPTIVE OPTION. "Clonal populations often persist in habitats in which sexual reproduction is prevented, either because of the absence of mating partners, or where ecological conditions are unfavorable for seed set, seed germination, or seedling establishment." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8859.full View in LinkedIn

INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES. "Other qualitative characters, on the other hand, either tended towards the morphology seen in one of the parents (stamen hairs were mostly present in the intermediates, as in R. irroratum; ovary glands were consistently absent, as in R. delavayi or showed a combination of intermediate and parental characters (styles were either hairy, or glandular and hairy; and ovaries were either hairy, intermediate, or densely hairy." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

STRONG PHENOTYPE DIFFERENCES. "Several characters were identified that could distinguish between the species. The quantitative characters that showed high discrimination potential ‘flowers in inflorescence’, ‘stigma width’, ‘corolla (width/length)’ and also ‘leaf (dist apex-mid/length)’, tended towards intermediate values for the hybrids. As quantitative characters are generally considered to be under polygenic control, this can be expected." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

GENEROUS DELTA. "Apart from a few exceptions, the variances of repeated measurements for individuals of the same group were significantly different from each other." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn

TRAITS VERSUS CONSENSUS. "The morphological characters ‘stamen hairs’ and ‘style hair-coverage’ were then tested for correlation with the above calculated hybrid index." https://lnkd.in/dK-A3iM View in LinkedIn