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INHIBITING COMPETITOR'S MYCORRHYZA. "The most elegant example is the recent work on the chemical effects of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an invasive understorey forb in North American forests. Garlic mustard secretes benzyl isothiocyanate, which inhibits the growth of mycorrhizal fungi that support tree diversity." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

INTRASPECIES COMMUNICATION. "Plant–plant interactions can be interspecies or intraspecies communications; a perfect example of interspecies communication comes from plant species which use chemicals to inhibit the growth of other plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

ALLELOPATHY IN PLANTS. "In addition to these plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions, plant– plant interactions have been well documented ranging from negative interactions such as allelopathy to positive interactions such as the release of volatile compounds as a warning to other plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

PHENOTYPIC CHANGES. "Plants sense the presence of other plants and respond by producing more competitive phenotypes." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

FAMILY WHISPERING. "Populations of sagebrush are genetically structured so that an individual is likely to be surrounded by other individuals that are close relatives. Here, we have demonstrated that plants communicate more effectively with kin and that this communication increases plant resistance to herbivores. Plants responded more effectively to the cues emitted by kin rather than strangers." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION is facilitated by kin recognition, which allows organisms to favour relatives preferentially over strangers, reducing the costs of positive interactions. Kin and other multilevel selection has been demonstrated in plants, and self-incompatibility systems allow plants to discriminate against relatives in mating." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

KIN VOLATILES. "A growing number of plants have been found to respond to volatile cues released when neighbours are damaged by herbivores to prime or increase their defences to future risk of attack. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) responded most effectively when volatile cues were emitted by genetically identical clones compared with strangers, suggesting the ability to distinguish self from non-self and to respond more strongly to ‘self’ signals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

"KIN SELECTION THEORY recognizes that individuals increase their inclusive fitness through behaviour that increases the fitness of related individuals. While Hamilton's rule is usually invoked to explain altruism, it also applies to competition. If kin compete less with each other, individuals increase their direct fitness by not spending resources on competition, and their indirect fitness by not reducing the fitness of neighbouring relatives." https://lnkd.in/d7SNVuH View in LinkedIn

VOLATILE ALARM SIGNALS. "Some plant species participate in more positive interaction with nearby plants, such as in warning other members of their population during a time of stress. Maize (Zea mays) has been shown to emit (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (Z-3-ol) in response to leaf damage which may help to prime surrounding plants in order to prevent a herbivore attack." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

FUNGAL AND MICROBIAL KIN RECOGNITION. "Chemical communication plays an integral part in the rhizosphere and in larger ecological processes. The idea of kin recognition and perception of kin-specific chemical signals have long been recognized in microbial and animal models." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn