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ANOTHER TOXIN. "Recently, it was discovered that the extremely invasive Phragmites australis secretes gallic acid into the surrounding soil as a phytotoxin to kill nearby native plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

SECRETED TOXINS. "Recent studies also suggest that other invasive plants, such as Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), Centaurea stoebe, and narrow-leaf cattail (Typha angustifolia), may produce allelochemicals that inhibit native plants directly." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

INHIBITING COMPETITOR'S MYCORRHYZA. "The most elegant example is the recent work on the chemical effects of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an invasive understorey forb in North American forests. Garlic mustard secretes benzyl isothiocyanate, which inhibits the growth of mycorrhizal fungi that support tree diversity." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

INTRASPECIES COMMUNICATION. "Plant–plant interactions can be interspecies or intraspecies communications; a perfect example of interspecies communication comes from plant species which use chemicals to inhibit the growth of other plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

ALLELOPATHY IN PLANTS. "In addition to these plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions, plant– plant interactions have been well documented ranging from negative interactions such as allelopathy to positive interactions such as the release of volatile compounds as a warning to other plants." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn

PHENOTYPIC CHANGES. "Plants sense the presence of other plants and respond by producing more competitive phenotypes." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

“ASEXUAL PARTHENOGENESIS is used by the Komodo Dragon, which can reproduce without a mate. Bees, wasps and ants which have no sex chromosomes reproduce by this method. Some reptiles and fish also utilize parthenogenesis.” https://lnkd.in/gMaYvUK View in LinkedIn

VERTEBRATE PARTHENOGENESIS. "Some vertebrate animals, such as certain reptiles, amphibians, and fish, also reproduce through parthenogenesis. Although more common in plants, parthenogenesis has been observed in animal species that were segregated by sex in terrestrial or marine zoos. Two Komodo dragons, a bonnethead shark, and a blacktip shark have produced parthenogenic young when the females have been isolated from males." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

HAPLOID AND DIPLOID. "Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, wasps, and bees. Bees use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers). If an egg is fertilized, a queen is produced. The queen bee controls the reproduction of the hive bees to regulate the type of bee produced." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

"PARTHENOGENESIS is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn