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INTERESTING QUESTION. "Parthenogenesis — the ability to produce offspring from unfertilized eggs — is widespread among invertebrates and now increasingly found in normally sexual vertebrates. Are these cases reproductive errors or could they be a first step in the emergence of new parthenogenetic lineages?" https://lnkd.in/gvZ8CFZ View in LinkedIn

"VOLATILE CUES from close kin may be more easily perceived by kin or may provide more reliable information about probable risk. The ability to differentially communicate based on relatedness makes possible a wide variety of social behaviours for plants that have previously been thought to be solely within the repertoire of animals." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

“ASEXUAL PARTHENOGENESIS is used by the Komodo Dragon, which can reproduce without a mate. Bees, wasps and ants which have no sex chromosomes reproduce by this method. Some reptiles and fish also utilize parthenogenesis.” https://lnkd.in/gMaYvUK View in LinkedIn

VERTEBRATE PARTHENOGENESIS. "Some vertebrate animals, such as certain reptiles, amphibians, and fish, also reproduce through parthenogenesis. Although more common in plants, parthenogenesis has been observed in animal species that were segregated by sex in terrestrial or marine zoos. Two Komodo dragons, a bonnethead shark, and a blacktip shark have produced parthenogenic young when the females have been isolated from males." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

HAPLOID AND DIPLOID. "Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, wasps, and bees. Bees use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers). If an egg is fertilized, a queen is produced. The queen bee controls the reproduction of the hive bees to regulate the type of bee produced." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

"PARTHENOGENESIS is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

FACULTATIVE PARTHENOGENESIS. "Asexual reproduction could offer up to a two-fold fitness advantage over sexual reproduction, yet higher organisms usually reproduce sexually. Even in facultatively parthenogenetic species, where both sexual and asexual reproduction is sometimes possible, asexual reproduction is rare. Thus, the debate over the evolution of sex has focused on ecological and mutation-elimination advantages of sex." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

PLAN B. "Facultative parthenogenesis enables females to produce offspring by themselves, preventing reproductive failure when they do not find a mate before dying. Therefore, facultative parthenogenesis is likely to be advantageous in certain situations, even though it may be ultimately inferior to sexual reproduction in terms of long-term fitness." https://lnkd.in/gPAUsAH View in LinkedIn

SINGLE PARENTS. "Facultative parthenogenesis, or condition-dependent alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction, is widespread in animals. Parthenogenesis enables unmated females to reproduce and thus has a great adaptive significance, especially under low pairing efficiency. In the termite Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, females that fail to pair with males found colonies cooperatively with partner females and reproduce parthenogenetically." https://lnkd.in/gPAUsAH View in LinkedIn

"FACULTATIVE PARTHENOGENESIS, switching between sexual and clonal reproduction, although quite common in invertebrates, e.g. Daphnia and aphids, seems to be even rarer in vertebrates. However, isolated cases of parthenogenetic development have been reported in all vertebrate groups. Facultative parthenogenesis in vertebrates has only been found in captive animals but might simply have been overlooked in natural populations." https://lnkd.in/geEs5eg View in LinkedIn