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IMPORTANT FOOTNOTE. "Dioecy is associated with higher diversification rates in flowering plants. However, it is crucial for this new test to distinguish between ancestral and derived cases of dioecy, a criterion that was not taken into account in the available data set." https://lnkd.in/gGPGHvb View in LinkedIn

LESS DIVERSIFICATION. "In angiosperms, dioecious clades tend to have fewer species than their nondioecious sister clades. This departure from the expected equal species richness in the standard sister clade test has been interpreted as implying that dioecious clades diversify less and has initiated a series of studies suggesting that dioecy might be an 'evolutionary dead end'." https://lnkd.in/gGPGHvb View in LinkedIn

DEAD END. "Our results are consistent with the view that dioecy is an evolutionary dead end in flowering plants." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeb.12052/pdf View in LinkedIn

"THESE HANDICAPS should decrease the effective population size of dioecious species, which in turn should reduce the efficacy of selection. Moreover, sexual selection in dioecious species is expected to specifically affect some genes, which will evolve under positive selection." https://lnkd.in/gRVz_Qd View in LinkedIn

ROAD TO EXTINCTION. "Dioecy (i.e. having separate sexes) is a rather rare breeding system in flowering plants. Such rareness may result from a high probability of extinction in dioecious species because of less efficient dispersal and the costs of sexual selection, which are expected to harm dioecious species’ survival on the long term." https://lnkd.in/gRVz_Qd View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. "Darwin (1871) described many striking examples in which females and males of animal species differ dramatically in morphology, coloration, size, and behavior." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. "Ecological selection as the cause and sexual differentiation as the consequence of species divergence?" https://lnkd.in/ggrcHvH View in LinkedIn

UNISEXUALITY IN PLANTS. "Unisexual plant species and their mixed forms appear to be distributed throughout the flowering plant families (around three quarters of families include dioecious species) suggesting independent evolutionary events. However, the incidence of unisexuality is not evenly spread throughout the plant kingdom." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL SELECTION. "The role of sexual selection in speciation with gene flow, however, is less clear; some studies suggest it can drive the speciation process, while others suggest it can inhibit it, under different conditions." https://lnkd.in/g9StYjV View in LinkedIn

OVERLOOKED. "Darwin (1871) largely neglected the possibility that sexual selection might also operate in plants. This may have been because of their non-sentient habit, primarily hermaphroditic sexual condition, and less conspicuous sexual dimorphism in dioecious species." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn