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FLORAL MALE-MALE COMPETITION. "The larger floral displays of males in many animal-pollinated dioecious species are usually interpreted as resulting from male–male competition for mates, but few cases are known where this is associated with the reduced survival of male plants as a result of viability selection." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FRAILTY REDUCTION. “In particular, given that reproductive-aged individuals with relatively high frailty (i.e. an individual's risk of death relative to other members of the population) were more likely to die during the Black Death than their age-peers with lower frailty, the epidemic might have affected genetic variation with respect to disease susceptibility or immune competence and thus, acted to reduce average levels of frailty in the surviving population.” https://lnkd.in/g2FqTm7 View in LinkedIn

FORM OVER FUNCTION? "Sexual selection is most obvious in animals when it favours the evolution of extravagant male displays that enhance mating success at the expense of reduced viability." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

NATURAL SELECTION. “By targeting frail people of all ages, and killing them by the hundreds of thousands within an extremely short period of time, the Black Death might have represented a strong force of natural selection and removed the weakest individuals on a very broad scale within Europe.” https://lnkd.in/g2FqTm7 View in LinkedIn

DIOECIOUS WORK-AROUNDS. "Comparative studies of animal-pollinated dioecious species indicate that they commonly possess flowers that are less showy than outcrossing hermaphrodites, with small flowers that are often white, pale yellow, or green in colour. Nevertheless, the aggregation of these flowers can result in large floral displays that often show sexual dimorphism in floral and inflorescence traits." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

HIGHER MALE COSTS. "In some wind-pollinated plants, male reproductive costs may match or exceed those of females because of the high investment in nitrogen-rich pollen." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

HIGHER FEMALE COSTS. "Repeated bouts of maternal investment in fruits and seeds can lead to higher rates of mortality in females and may also exacerbate death by herbivory and disease." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

PLANT SEXUAL TRAITS. "In long-lived species, males often exceed females in vigour, shoot size, and their capacity for clonal propagation, although exceptions do occur (e.g. Populus tremuloides." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

DIFFICULTY OF PLANT SEXING. "In contrast to many animal groups, the sex of an individual cannot usually be determined in plants before flowering without sex-specific genetic markers." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

"SEXUAL DIMORPHISM results from the interplay between sex-specific adaptation and the breakdown of genetic correlations that constrain the independent evolution of traits subject to asymmetric (sex-biased) selection in females and males" https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn