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GENE DOSAGE. "Although the notion that dioecy may be controlled by simple mutations affecting male or female functions may hold true for some simple plant systems, the situation is clearly more complicated in the case of those dioecious plants which have developed sex chromosomes of the X to autosome dosage type, where dosage sensing mechanisms involving genes analogous to the numerator and denominator genes found in drosophila have developed." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

GENE DOUBLING. “The haploid genome size of diecious Asparagus species has been characterized as being nearly double that of hermaphroditic species.” https://lnkd.in/gKA5C8N View in LinkedIn

EXAPTED GENES. "It is likely that sex determining genes may be present in the genomes of hermaphroditic plants, but may have quite different functions in some plants." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

'Space nation' Asgardia takes off http://www.cnn.com/style/article/asgardia-satellite-launch/index.html View in LinkedIn

BLACK BOX. "Efforts to understand the molecular basis of sex determination in dioecious plant species have, to date, not been successful." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

DIFFICULT IDENTITY. "In dioecious plants cultivated for fruit or seed it is often difficult to identify females at an early stage of growth." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

VIROME CONCEPT. “A different view of viruses has recently emerged, the virome, a name for the entire community of viruses found in a given biome.” Once again, the trend in biology today is about context. https://lnkd.in/g35Hmrp View in LinkedIn

NO COMMON THREADS. “Studying viral sequences means working at the edge of human knowledge. Even microbial genomics experts working on uncultivated microbes use the term “dark matter” when describing the viral sequences they find in metagenomes. While metagenomics expands our ability to detect viruses, a combination of small viral sequence databases and great diversity still means that many viral reads have no homology to known viruses.” https://lnkd.in/g35Hmrp View in LinkedIn

BACKLOG. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). “In the current (2013) ICTV taxonomy, 7 orders have been established, the Caudovirales, Herpesvirales, Ligamenvirales, Mononegavirales, Nidovirales, Picornavirales, and Tymovirales. The committee does not formally distinguish between subspecies, strains, and isolates. In total there are 7 orders, 103 families, 22 subfamilies, 455 genera, about 2,827 species and over 4,000 types yet unclassified.” https://lnkd.in/eF3wTsF View in LinkedIn

VIRAL DARK MATTER. “Our understanding of viral diversity and virus–host interactions remains a major bottleneck in the development of predictive ecosystem models and unifying eco-evolutionary theories. This is because the lack of a universal marker gene for viruses hinders environmental survey capabilities, while the number of isolate viral genomes in databases remains limited: for comparison, more than 25,000 bacterial and archaeal host genomes are available in NCBI RefSeq (January 2015), whereas only 1,531 of their viruses were entirely sequenced and most (86%) of these derive from only 3 of 61 known host phyla.” https://lnkd.in/gQQCawV View in LinkedIn