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MUTATION INVASION. "Such trade-offs are central to models explaining the maintenance of hermaphroditism against invasion by mutations that lead to separate sexed individuals." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn

RESOURCE COMPETITION. "If the male-promoting mutations also reduce female fertility, they are also female-sterility mutations. Such ‘trade-offs’ between male and female functions may often arise, for example if an allele increasing resources devoted to male functions reduces those available for female functions; thus alleles of some genes cannot simultaneously be best in both sexes." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSED RECOMBINATION. "It is easily seen that suppressed recombination between X and Y chromosomes must have evolved to prevent the sex-determining genes recombining, and the two-mutation model for evolution of dioecy provides a reason why such recombination is disadvantageous." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn

STABLE DIOECY. "Overall, therefore, a co-sexual population can, under suitable conditions, evolve dioecy; when dioecy is reached, the females will carry the initial male-sterility mutation, while the males carry one or more male-promoting mutations." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn

SUCCESSION RISKS. "When old sex chromosomes self-destruct, a new sex gene and sex chromosomes may take over. This is fraught with peril because the interaction of old and new systems of sex determination is likely to cause severe infertility in hybrids." https://lnkd.in/ehjz378 View in LinkedIn

CO-SEXUAL FORMS. "First, dioecy in flowering plants seems often to have evolved from either hermaphroditism or monoecy, or, using the combined term, from co-sexuality. It follows directly that, during the evolution of dioecy, either females or males must first have arisen, and become established in the population (creating a situation with both co-sexuals and unisexuals, either gynodioecy or androdioecy), and then mutations must have spread among the co-sexuals, making them become the complementary unisexual form." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn

GENE DEGRADATION. "The acquisition of a sex factor on one member of the pair is the kiss of death for that chromosome, and it degrades quickly. This explains why only a few active genes remain on the human Y and the bird W." https://lnkd.in/ehjz378 View in LinkedIn

TWO SUPPRESSIONS. "Dioecy in flowering plants must often have evolved through at least two mutations, a male-sterility mutation (creating females) and one or more female-sterility mutations (creating males)." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn

Civil servants bordering on clueless over Brexit. A brilliant piece of writing. View in LinkedIn

HERMAPHRODITE COMPROMISE. "If this idea is correct, then changing from being hermaphrodite to becoming purely female or male ought to trigger a burst of adaptation, as females optimize their female functions, and males optimize their male functions." https://lnkd.in/exrSaeb View in LinkedIn