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COSTS OF REPRODUCTION. "A central tenet of life history theory is that reproduction negatively impacts survival. For example, field-based studies in both brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) have shown that even a single reproductive event can significantly reduce survival." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

OVOTESTIS. "The mangrove rivulus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue in a single ovotestis, and is one of two known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates, the other being its sister species K. hermaphroditus." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY BALANCE. "Mangrove rivulus fish "populations consist of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males. Hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental conditions. Our findings suggest that there are major differences between the sexes in energy allocation, with hermaphrodites exhibiting elevated maximum metabolic rates, and showing evidence of favoring investments in reproductive tissues over somatic growth." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS CALCULATION. "To maximize reproductive success, many animal species have evolved functional sex change. Theory predicts that transitions between sexes should occur when the fitness payoff of the current sex is exceeded by the fitness payoff of the opposite sex." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

Catalonia elections prompt crackdown on colour yellow? As campaigning for Catalonia's regional election begins, yellow lights and even yellow fountains are not allowed. https://lnkd.in/dyXQpU4 View in LinkedIn

CASE STUDY 1. HERMAPHRODITE MANGROVE FISH follows. This case study investigates a fish with considerable reproductive flexibility, leading to a deeper understanding of the cost tradeoffs of each choice. View in LinkedIn

MANGROVE FISH FEMALE COSTS. "We suspect that the cost of maintaining ovarian tissue is a key factor underlying the transition between hermaphrodite and secondary male. We predict that when the benefit of possessing ovarian tissue is reduced by energetic demand (resource limitation, competition) or when age/senescence increases the costs of maintaining ovarian tissue, transitioning into male should be favored." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

"PLASTIC SEX allocation in response to variable resources represents a flexible allocation strategy for coping with environmental heterogeneity, and can evolve by natural selection given genetic variation for plasticity." https://lnkd.in/dPykU22 View in LinkedIn

LOWER MALE MANGROVE FISH COSTS. "Males are liberated from the costs of maintaining energetically expensive ovarian tissue, exhibit lower maximum metabolic rates, and allocate more resources towards growth and energy storage in the form of visceral fat reserves and larger liver mass." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS. "Sex allocation theory predicts that individuals with fewer resources will be more male-biased while individuals with more resources will be more female-biased, based on the differential fitness gain curves of allocation to male and female functions." https://lnkd.in/dPykU22 View in LinkedIn