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ECONOMICALLY DRIVEN. "To maximize reproductive success and reduce the costs of reproduction, a number of animal species have evolved a flexible sexual strategy, functional sex change, which is the morphological, physiological, neural and behavioral transition from one sex to the other." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENTIAL COSTS. "The trade-off between reproduction and survival is mediated, in part, by the costs (e.g. energetic, oxidative stress, behavioral) that individuals pay to reproduce. These costs are not equal among individuals and can vary significantly between sexes." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FEMALE COSTS. "It is well established that maintaining ovarian tissue is energetically expensive whereas maintaining testicular tissue is relatively inexpensive. Maintaining ovarian tissue has negative impacts on individual survival, growth, immunocompetence and future reproductive efforts." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS COST. "Sex change is theorized to have evolved as a strategy for coping with sex-specific costs of reproduction. Selection should favor transitioning between sexes when fitness payoffs of the current sex are outweighed by the fitness payoffs of the opposite sex." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF REPRODUCTION. "A central tenet of life history theory is that reproduction negatively impacts survival. For example, field-based studies in both brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) have shown that even a single reproductive event can significantly reduce survival." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

OVOTESTIS. "The mangrove rivulus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue in a single ovotestis, and is one of two known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates, the other being its sister species K. hermaphroditus." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY BALANCE. "Mangrove rivulus fish "populations consist of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males. Hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental conditions. Our findings suggest that there are major differences between the sexes in energy allocation, with hermaphrodites exhibiting elevated maximum metabolic rates, and showing evidence of favoring investments in reproductive tissues over somatic growth." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS CALCULATION. "To maximize reproductive success, many animal species have evolved functional sex change. Theory predicts that transitions between sexes should occur when the fitness payoff of the current sex is exceeded by the fitness payoff of the opposite sex." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

Catalonia elections prompt crackdown on colour yellow? As campaigning for Catalonia's regional election begins, yellow lights and even yellow fountains are not allowed. https://lnkd.in/dyXQpU4 View in LinkedIn

CASE STUDY 1. HERMAPHRODITE MANGROVE FISH follows. This case study investigates a fish with considerable reproductive flexibility, leading to a deeper understanding of the cost tradeoffs of each choice. View in LinkedIn