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GARGANTUAN SMALLNESS. “In a cell or microorganism, the processes that generate mass, energy, information transfer and cell-fate specification are seamlessly integrated through a complex network of cellular constituents and reactions. However, despite the key role of these networks in sustaining cellular functions, their large-scale structure is essentially unknown.” https://lnkd.in/em_2tJm View in LinkedIn

HYPOTHESIS 3. "A third hypothesis posits that a one-step-meiosis is more complex and thus less likely to evolve than a two-step-meiosis." https://lnkd.in/e2tp_G5 View in LinkedIn

SCALE-FREE NETWORKS. “Metabolic, protein, and gene interaction networks have been reported to exhibit scale-free behavior based on the analysis of the distribution of the number of connections of the network nodes.” http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2006.13.810 View in LinkedIn

TWO STEP HYPOTHESIS 2. "The second hypothesis is that sexual species with one-step-meiosis would be vulnerable to invasion by asexual mutants, and have thus gone disproportionally extinct in the past." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

NEW THINKING. “The concept of scale-free network has emerged as a powerful unifying paradigm in the study of complex systems in biology and in physical and social studies.” https://lnkd.in/eAwn34n View in LinkedIn

TWO STEP HYPOTHESIS 1. "Three hypotheses have been proposed to account for two-step meiosis. The first postulates that two-step meiosis better protects against particular selfish genetic elements that increase their transmission frequencies by sabotaging the meiotic products in which they do not end up (known as ‘sister killers’)." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

WE CAN CONCEPTUALIZE the universe within as biologists, especially when riding an axis of time. We are abundantly on home turf here: “The protein universe, a concept first mentioned in 1992, is the collection of all proteins of every biological species that lives or has lived on earth.” https://lnkd.in/evmEhB5 View in LinkedIn

DOUBLING AND HALVING. "A particular feature of meiosis is that it starts with a chromosome doubling (2n→ 4n) before meiosis I (4n→2(2n)) and II (2(2n)→4(n)) occur. For ploidy reduction, the initial steps appear superfluous. A simpler single-step cell division (2n→2(n)), without the initial DNA replication phase, could in principle achieve ploidy reduction." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

EDGE OF NOTHING. “We are cocooned from observing other universes or other dimensions, and there may even be a boundary to the cosmos. But no boundary to the cosmos has been observed. The universe looks evenly distributed with galaxies. As the universe ages, it is continuing to expand, creating new empty space-time between galaxies. What is the universe expanding into? In an infinite universe, it is expanding into nothing. An expanding universe means that any boundary will always be beyond our detection. Only 100 years ago we had no idea that there were other galaxies besides our own.” https://lnkd.in/eZ___f4 View in LinkedIn

A SPECK OF DUST SUSPENDED IN SPACE. Galaxy superclusters complexes in vast cosmic web that looks filamentous, composed of galaxies. https://lnkd.in/eeNGwRH View in LinkedIn