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THREE LEVELS (at least). “When multiple layers of nano material beyond an angstrom are joined together, nano behavior starts with the disappearance of the quantum behavior. In general, when different atoms bond together to form molecules, the quantum and some aspects of the nano properties disappear to give rise to the behavior that is the discipline of chemistry. In the chemistry domain, molecular bonds are the dominant forces, whereas the properties of the subatomic particles are benign.” https://lnkd.in/dfZFAM5 View in LinkedIn

NO FERTILIZATION. "Many organisms have abandoned canonical sexual reproduction, reproducing asexually by suppressing or modifying meiosis and producing diploid eggs that can develop without fertilisation." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE has always been considered to be an attribute of higher scale building on the elements of a hierarchically lower scale; meaning, that organisms display emergent properties different from their constituent cells; that swarms are different from individual creatures; but that is the limit of our curiosity on scale. Back to the gumboots and magnifying glasses. View in LinkedIn

ESCAPING RESETTING. "There are exceptions, and some genes specifically escape an epigenetic 2n→n ‘meiotic resetting’, leading to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC RESETS “ensures proper development, the acquisition of parent-specific imprints, and might allow for mechanisms limiting the maximal number of possible successive mitoses (“Hayflick limit”, reducing tumour development." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

TWO RESETS. "Metazoan development is under the control of many epigenetic changes (cytosine methylation and chromatin marks) that are irreversibly maintained throughout life and must be reset twice each generation (at the n→2n and 2n→n transitions)." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC RESETTING. "It has been suggested that a primary function of meiosis is to allow for epigenetic resetting in eukaryotes." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION. "Meiosis and syngamy represent critical transitions between haploid and diploid phases in each generation." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

NO PLANT ARRESTS. "Meiotic arrests in plants are unknown. Plants seem to completely lack strict mechanisms to arrest the meiotic cell division. Contrary to animals and fungi that for example arrest the cell cycle and abort meiosis once double strand breaks are not repaired, plants will progress through meiosis irrespective of such major defects." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

MEIOTIC ARRESTS. "Whereas male meiosis occurs continuously, female meiosis usually stops twice." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn