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MILESTONE ACHIEVEMENT. “The ordinary matter in our universe (known" "as baryonic matter) is made up of 94 naturally occurring elements, the " "familiar beasts of the periodic table. And it is one of the stunning" "achievements of twentieth century science that the question of where" "these elements came from has now been answered.” https://lnkd.in/d5GTUVD View in LinkedIn

POSITIVE SELECTION. "It is generally accepted that positive selection (selection in favor of advantageous mutations) plays an important role in the origin of new phenotypes. In fact, the evidence of selection acting on protein-coding sequences has increased enormously in the last 20 years." https://lnkd.in/dPT523x View in LinkedIn

ADAPTIVE SIGNPOSTS. "The rapid accumulation of genome sequences and the development of powerful statistical methods, to detect signatures of adaptation, provide us an unprecedented opportunity to increase our understanding of functionally important genomic regions." https://lnkd.in/dPT523x View in LinkedIn

FOOTPRINTS OF SELECTION. "Natural selection leaves imprints on DNA, offering the opportunity to identify functionally important regions of the genome." https://lnkd.in/dPT523x View in LinkedIn

NATURAL SELECTION acts on genes that code proteins. Does it also act on the non-coding genome? View in LinkedIn

EFFICIENCY CAUSES MODULARITY. "This paper supports the hypothesis that selection to reduce connection costs causes modularity, even in unchanging environments.” https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

DIRECT SELECTION OF EFFICIENCY. "Although most hypotheses assume indirect selection for evolvability, here we demonstrate that the ubiquitous, direct selection pressure to reduce the cost of connections between network nodes causes the emergence of modular networks." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COST MINIMIZATION. "The strongest evidence that biological networks face direct selection to minimize connection costs comes from the vascular system and from nervous systems, including the brain, where multiple studies suggest that the summed length of the wiring diagram has been minimized, either by reducing long connections or by optimizing the placement of neurons." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF PROTEIN CHANGE. "Adding more protein–protein interactions to a system may become increasingly difficult as more of the remaining surface area is taken up by other binding interactions." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF SIGNAL CHANGE. "Adding more connections in a signalling pathway might delay the time that it takes to output a critical response; adding regulation of a gene via more transcription factors may be difficult or impossible after a certain number of proximal DNA binding sites are occupied, and increases the time and material required for genome replication and regulation." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn