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“HUMAN FACES have several derived features. We have everted, deeply colored lips, a relatively high volume of connective tissue deep to the dermis of the face, and our sclera has a large area of white instead of a more darkly colored sclera like other primates.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

NEW INDIVIDUALITY THINKING. “More profoundly, new research on microbiomes (microbial communities that are physically engaged with multicellular organisms) are forcing a re-evaluation of the notion of individuality, even among multi-cellular eukaryotes.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

BRAIN-MUSCLE AXIS. “Dobson showed that size of the neocortex devoted to social interactions within primates was a significant predictor of facial nerve nuclei volumes in Old World monkeys and apes.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

GENE SOUP. “Consequently, prokaryotes, unlike multi-cellular eukaryotes, have the great advantage of being able to acquire or discard genes for almost any non-critical function without the penalty of adversely affecting somatic development or regulation. Essentially, a prokaryote functions as one cell interacting physiologically with its environment, and with genetic content that can vary independently of reproduction.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

SPECIALIZED TISSUES. “In addition, Sherwood et al. found relatively greater volume of facial nerve nuclei in the great apes (including humans) than in all other Old World primates, suggesting increased differentiation of mimetic muscles and greater use of facial displays in social, visual communication.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

PROKARYOTIC FREEDOMS. “Of course prokaryotes can, and do, exhibit individuality on the cellular level. But, critically, an individual prokaryotic cell is free from the requirement of maintaining genomic identity with neighboring cells and needs only to maintain its basic viability long enough to carry out basic physiological functions, transfer or acquire genes, replicate its genome, and divide.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

MIMETIC MUSCLES. “Recent neurobiological evidence also supports the role of socioecological variables in the evolution of primate facial displays and mimetic muscle morphology. Sherwood found that primate species living in large, complex social groups had more facial nerve neurons than species living in small social groups, indicating more potential control over mimetic musculature contraction.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

ANTITHESIS OF TRADITIONALITY. “Prokaryotes, with their non-mechanical relationship to the environment, their non-reproductive gene acquisition (horizontal gene transfer), their lack of enforced stability of genomic content, and their lack of differentiated somatic tissue, are the antithesis of multi-cellular eukaryotes organismal individuality.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

ALWAYS MORE COMPLEX. “A new synthesis has recently been formed wherein muscle morphology is understood within the framework of “ecomorphology,” the influences brought by social variables, dietary niche, and primary communication modes along with phylogeny in determining mimetic muscle morphology in any given species. Under this framework, mimetic musculature morphology is influenced heavily by social variables as well as phylogeny.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

PHYLOGENY. “Our traditional understanding of primate mimetic muscle morphology was firmly entrenched in phylogeny. Muscle number and complexity (high complexity being numerous, small muscles with discrete attachment sites) were conceptualized as ascending along the phylogenetic scale with greatest complexity achieved at Homo sapiens.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn